Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives Table of Contents About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Editorial Information Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z abduction (Igor Douven) Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King and Andrew Arlig) Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin) abilities (John Maier and Sophie Kikkert) Abner of Burgos (Shalom Sadik) abortion, ethics of (Elizabeth Harman) Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes) abstract objects (José L. Falguera, Concha Martínez-Vidal, and Gideon Rosen) accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties action (Juan S. Piñeros Glasscock and Sergio Tenenbaum) joint — see agency: shared logic of — see logic: action practical reason and the structure of — see practical reason: and the structure of actions reasons for action – agent-neutral vs. agent-relative — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative reasons for action – internal vs. external — see reasons for action: internal vs. external reasons for action – justification, motivation, explanation — see reasons for action: justification, motivation, explanation joint — see agency: shared logic of — see logic: action practical reason and the structure of — see practical reason: and the structure of actions reasons for action – agent-neutral vs. agent-relative — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative reasons for action – internal vs. external — see reasons for action: internal vs. external reasons for action – justification, motivation, explanation — see reasons for action: justification, motivation, explanation action-based theories of perception (Robert Briscoe, Rick Grush, and Alison Springle) action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in actualism — see possibilism-actualism debate actualism and possibilism in ethics (Travis Timmerman and Yishai Cohen) adaptationism (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber) Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington) Adorno, Theodor W. (Henry Pickford and Lambert Zuidervaart) advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska) Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley) aesthetic experience (Antonia Peacocke) aesthetics 19th Century Romantic (Keren Gorodeisky) aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill) Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics British, in the 18th century (James Shelley) Chinese Philosophy, painting and calligraphy — see Chinese Philosophy: aesthetics, painting and calligraphy and cognitive science (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie) Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics cultural appropriation — see cultural heritage, ethics of definition of art — see art, definition of Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics environmental (Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson) existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty) feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics French, in the 18th century (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot) Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer) Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics in critical theory (Owen Hulatt) Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics Nietzsche — see Nietzsche, Friedrich: aesthetics Plato — see Plato: aesthetics Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics 19th Century Romantic (Keren Gorodeisky) aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill) Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics British, in the 18th century (James Shelley) Chinese Philosophy, painting and calligraphy — see Chinese Philosophy: aesthetics, painting and calligraphy and cognitive science (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie) Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics cultural appropriation — see cultural heritage, ethics of definition of art — see art, definition of Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics environmental (Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson) existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty) feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics French, in the 18th century (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot) Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer) Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics in critical theory (Owen Hulatt) Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics Nietzsche — see Nietzsche, Friedrich: aesthetics Plato — see Plato: aesthetics Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics aesthetics of the everyday (Yuriko Saito) aesthetic testimony (Jon Robson and Rebecca Wallbank) aesthetic value — see aesthetic, concept of the affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider) Africana Philosophy (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.) contemporary (Paul C. Taylor) contemporary (Paul C. Taylor) African Philosophy ethics (Kwame Gyekye) sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo) ethics (Kwame Gyekye) sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo) afterlife (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro) agency (Markus Schlosser) shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth) shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth) agent-based modeling in philosophy of science — see modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative agnosticism and atheism — see atheism and agnosticism Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Vittoria Perrone Compagni) Akan Philosophy of the person (Ajume Wingo) of the person (Ajume Wingo) akrasia — see weakness of will al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Latif (Cecilia Martini Bonadeo) al-Farabi (Therese-Anne Druart) metaphysics (Stephen Menn) philosophy of logic and language (Wilfrid Hodges and Therese-Anne Druart) philosophy of society and religion (Nadja Germann) psychology and epistemology (Luis Xavier López-Farjeat) metaphysics (Stephen Menn) philosophy of logic and language (Wilfrid Hodges and Therese-Anne Druart) philosophy of society and religion (Nadja Germann) psychology and epistemology (Luis Xavier López-Farjeat) al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel) al-Kindi (Peter Adamson) al-Qudat, ʿAyn (Muhammad U. Faruque and Mohammed Rustom) al-Razi, Abu Bakr (Peter Adamson) al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (Peter Adamson and Fedor Benevich) Albalag, Isaac (Bakinaz Abdalla) Alberic of Paris (Heine Hansen and Boaz Faraday Schuman) Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard) Albert the Great [= Albertus Magnus] (Bruno Tremblay) Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich and Shira Weiss) Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman) Alexander, Samuel (Emily A. E. Thomas) Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede and Marije Martijn) algebra (Vaughan Pratt) algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris) algorithmic fairness — see fairness: algorithmic alienation (David Leopold) Althusser, Louis (William Lewis) altruism (Richard Kraut) biological (Samir Okasha) empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Armin Schulz, and Lachlan Walmsley) biological (Samir Okasha) empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Armin Schulz, and Lachlan Walmsley) Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti) ambiguity (Adam Sennet) Ammonius (David Blank) Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus analogy medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth and Domenic D’Ettore) medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth and Domenic D’Ettore) analogy and analogical reasoning (Paul Bartha) analysis (Michael Beaney and Thomas Raysmith) analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey) anaphora (Jeffrey C. King and Karen S. Lewis) anarchism (Andrew Fiala) Anaxagoras (John Sisko and Patricia Curd) Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho Anderson, John (Creagh McLean Cole) Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on animal cognition (Kristin Andrews and Susana Monsó) communication (Richard Moore and Giulia Palazzolo) consciousness (Michael Trestman, Jonathan Birch, and Colin Allen) social cognition (Cameron Buckner) cognition (Kristin Andrews and Susana Monsó) communication (Richard Moore and Giulia Palazzolo) consciousness (Michael Trestman, Jonathan Birch, and Colin Allen) social cognition (Cameron Buckner) animalism (Stephan Blatti) animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen and Susana Monsó) anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz) Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Eric Wiland and Julia Driver) Anselm of Canterbury [Anselm of Bec] (Thomas Williams) anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen) a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge appearance vs. reality epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of skepticism — see skepticism epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of skepticism — see skepticism a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell) Aquinas, Thomas (Robert Pasnau) moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis) moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis) Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci) natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis) philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street and Nadja Germann) philosophy of mathematics (Mohammad Saleh Zarepour) philosophy of religion (Jon McGinnis and Rahim Acar) psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry) metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci) natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis) philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street and Nadja Germann) philosophy of mathematics (Mohammad Saleh Zarepour) philosophy of religion (Jon McGinnis and Rahim Acar) psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry) Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in Greek sources (Cristina D’Ancona) influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta and Charles Manekin) influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse) Greek sources (Cristina D’Ancona) influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta and Charles Manekin) influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse) Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in essence and existence (Fedor Benevich) Ibn Kammūna — see Ibn Kammūna Ikhwān al-Safā’ — see Ikhwān al-Safā’ mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi) essence and existence (Fedor Benevich) Ibn Kammūna — see Ibn Kammūna Ikhwān al-Safā’ — see Ikhwān al-Safā’ mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi) Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio) architecture, philosophy of (Saul Fisher) Archytas (Carl Huffman) Arendt, Hannah (Tatjana Tömmel and Maurizio Passerin d’Entreves) arete — see ethics: ancient argument and argumentation (Catarina Dutilh Novaes) arguments for epistemic norms epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms Aristippus — see Cyrenaics Aristotelianism commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on in the Renaissance (David Lines) commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on in the Renaissance (David Lines) Aristotle (Christopher Shields) De Motu Animalium (Klaus Corcilius) De Motu Animalium (Klaus Corcilius) Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon) Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias Ammonius — see Ammonius David — see David Elias — see Elias Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus Philoponus — see Philoponus Simplicius — see Simplicius Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias Ammonius — see Ammonius David — see David Elias — see Elias Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus Philoponus — see Philoponus Simplicius — see Simplicius Aristotle, General Topics aesthetics (Pierre Destrée) biology (James Lennox and Mariska Leunissen) categories (Paul Studtmann) ethics (Richard Kraut) logic (Robin Smith) metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen and C. D. C. Reeve) political theory (Fred Miller) psychology (Christopher Shields) rhetoric (Christof Rapp) aesthetics (Pierre Destrée) biology (James Lennox and Mariska Leunissen) categories (Paul Studtmann) ethics (Richard Kraut) logic (Robin Smith) metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen and C. D. C. Reeve) political theory (Fred Miller) psychology (Christopher Shields) rhetoric (Christof Rapp) Aristotle, Special Topics causality (Andrea Falcon) mathematics (Henry Mendell) natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar) on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb) textual transmission of Aristotelian corpus (Justin Winzenrieth) causality (Andrea Falcon) mathematics (Henry Mendell) natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar) on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb) textual transmission of Aristotelian corpus (Justin Winzenrieth) Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer) Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire Arrow’s theorem (Michael Morreau) art erotic (Hans Maes) erotic (Hans Maes) art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens) art, definition of (Thomas Adajian) art and aesthetics experimental philosophy of (Elzė Sigutė Mikalonytė, Ryan Doran, and Shen-yi Liao) experimental philosophy of (Elzė Sigutė Mikalonytė, Ryan Doran, and Shen-yi Liao) artifact (Beth Preston) artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu) automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated belief representation — see belief, formal representations of Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument connectionism — see connectionism defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible ethics of (Vincent C. Müller) frame problem — see frame problem logic-based (Richmond Thomason) Turing test — see Turing test automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated belief representation — see belief, formal representations of Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument connectionism — see connectionism defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible ethics of (Vincent C. Müller) frame problem — see frame problem logic-based (Richmond Thomason) Turing test — see Turing test aspect — see tense and aspect assertion (Peter Pagin and Neri Marsili) associationist theories of thought (Eric Mandelbaum and Raphaël Millière) Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal) atheism and agnosticism (Paul Draper) atomism 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers and Klodian Coko) ancient (Sylvia Berryman) 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers and Klodian Coko) ancient (Sylvia Berryman) atonement (Joshua C. Thurow) attention (Christopher Mole) attributes — see properties auditory perception — see perception: auditory Augustine of Hippo (Christian Tornau) Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman and Giacomo Fornasieri) Austin, John (Brian Bix) Austin, John Langshaw (Guy Longworth) authenticity (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon) authority (Tom Christiano and Stefan Sciaraffa) legal — see legal obligation and authority legal — see legal obligation and authority automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated autonomy and informed consent — see informed consent in moral and political philosophy (John Christman) personal (Sarah Buss and Andrea Westlund) and informed consent — see informed consent in moral and political philosophy (John Christman) personal (Sarah Buss and Andrea Westlund) Averroes — see Ibn Rushd natural philosophy — see Ibn Rushd: natural philosophy natural philosophy — see Ibn Rushd: natural philosophy Avicebron — see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon Avicenna — see Ibn Sina logic — see Ibn Sina: logic metaphysics — see Ibn Sina: metaphysics natural philosophy — see Ibn Sina: natural philosophy logic — see Ibn Sina: logic metaphysics — see Ibn Sina: metaphysics natural philosophy — see Ibn Sina: natural philosophy awareness, bodily — see bodily awareness Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald, Ádám Tamás Tuboly, and Nikhil Krishnan) B [jump to top] Bacon, Francis (Markku Peltonen) Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett) Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz) Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner) Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach and Gabriele Schimmenti) Bayes’ Theorem (James Joyce) Bayle, Pierre (Michael Hickson) Beardsley, Monroe C. aesthetics (Michael Wreen) aesthetics (Michael Wreen) Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century beauty (Crispin Sartwell) Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke) behaviorism (George Graham) being — see existence being and becoming — see time in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics belief (Eric Schwitzgebel) self-locating — see self-locating beliefs self-locating — see self-locating beliefs belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell) belief, formal representations of (Konstantin Genin and Franz Huber) belief merging and judgment aggregation (Gabriella Pigozzi) Bell’s Theorem (Wayne Myrvold, Marco Genovese, and Abner Shimony) beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp) Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles) Bentham, Jeremy (James E. Crimmins) Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard-Leonard) Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing and David Hilbert) Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua L. Cherniss and Henry Hardy) Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal] (Eva Del Soldato) bias, implicit (Michael Brownstein) binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade) biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity bioethics in Latin American (Gustavo Ortiz Millán, Florencia Luna, and Eduardo Rivera López) in Latin American (Gustavo Ortiz Millán, Florencia Luna, and Eduardo Rivera López) biological development theories of (Melinda Bonnie Fagan and Jane Maienschein) theories of (Melinda Bonnie Fagan and Jane Maienschein) biological individuals (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew J. Barker) biological information — see information: biological biology conservation — see conservation biology developmental — see developmental biology experiment in (Marcel Weber) molecular — see molecular biology philosophy of (Jay Odenbaugh and Paul Griffiths) reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology conservation — see conservation biology developmental — see developmental biology experiment in (Marcel Weber) molecular — see molecular biology philosophy of (Jay Odenbaugh and Paul Griffiths) reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology biology, philosophy of feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of biology feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of biology biomedicine, philosophy of (Sean Valles and Yael Friedman) Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century blame (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates) Bloch, Ernst (Ivan Boldyrev) bodily awareness (Frédérique de Vignemont) Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti) body — see substance Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon) Boethius of Dacia (Sten Ebbesen) Bohr, Niels correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich and Peter Bokulich) correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich and Peter Bokulich) Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher) logic (Paul Rusnock and Jan Šebestik) logic (Paul Rusnock and Jan Šebestik) Bonaventure (Tim Noone, R. E. Houser, and Joshua Benson) Boole, George (Stanley Burris and Marcel Jackson) Boolean algebra the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk) the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk) Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet) boundary (Achille Varzi) bounded rationality (Gregory Wheeler) Boyle, Robert (Peter Anstey and Jan-Erik Jones) Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile) moral philosophy (Dina Babushkina and David Crossley) Regress (Katarina Perovic) moral philosophy (Dina Babushkina and David Crossley) Regress (Katarina Perovic) brain death — see death: definition of brains in a vat — see skepticism: and content externalism branching time (Giuseppe Spolaore and Alberto Zanardo) Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer) theory of judgement (Johannes L. Brandl and Mark Textor) theory of judgement (Johannes L. Brandl and Mark Textor) Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson) Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten) Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century Bruno, Giordano (Dilwyn Knox) Buber, Martin (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman) Buddha (Mark Siderits) Buddhism Chan — see Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism ethics in Indian Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian Buddhism Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Buddhism mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy Tiantai — see Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism Chan — see Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism ethics in Indian Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian Buddhism Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Buddhism mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy Tiantai — see Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism Buddhism: Huayan — see Chinese Philosophy: Huayan Buddhism bundle theory — see substance Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko) Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris) Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti) Burnett, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Butler, Joseph moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett) moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett) Byzantine Philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén) C [jump to top] Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton) Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst and Jean-Paul De Lucca) Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Camus, Albert (Ronald Aronson) cancer (Anya Plutynski and Lucie Laplane) capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns and Morten Fibieger Byskov) capitalism (Chiara Cordelli) Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo] (Guido Giglioni and Jonathan Regier) Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Carnap, Rudolf (Hannes Leitgeb and André Carus) Carneades (James Allen) Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman) casuistry — see reasoning: moral categories (Amie Thomasson) medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton) medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton) category mistakes (Ofra Magidor) category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis) causal determinism — see determinism: causal causal models (Christopher Hitchcock) causation backward (Jan Faye) counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies and Helen Beebee) in Arabic and Islamic thought (Kara Richardson) in physics (Mathias Frisch and Thomas Blanchard) in the law (Michael Moore) and manipulability (James Woodward) medieval theories of (Graham White) mental — see mental causation the metaphysics of (J. Dmitri Gallow) probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock) regularity and inferential theories of (Holger Andreas and Mario Guenther) retrocausality in quantum mechanics — see quantum mechanics: retrocausality backward (Jan Faye) counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies and Helen Beebee) in Arabic and Islamic thought (Kara Richardson) in physics (Mathias Frisch and Thomas Blanchard) in the law (Michael Moore) and manipulability (James Woodward) medieval theories of (Graham White) mental — see mental causation the metaphysics of (J. Dmitri Gallow) probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock) regularity and inferential theories of (Holger Andreas and Mario Guenther) retrocausality in quantum mechanics — see quantum mechanics: retrocausality Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning) cell biology, philosophy of (William Bechtel and Andrew Bollhagen) cellular automata (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue) censorship — see pornography: and censorship certainty (Baron Reed) ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus chance versus randomness (Antony Eagle) versus randomness (Antony Eagle) change and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen) and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen) change: Chinese philosophy of — see Chinese Philosophy: philosophy of change chaos (Robert Bishop) character, moral (Marcia Homiak) empirical approaches (Christian B. Miller) empirical approaches (Christian B. Miller) Châtelet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen) Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele and Jenny Pelletier) chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry) childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin) children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard) Chile philosophy in (Ivan Jaksic) philosophy in (Ivan Jaksic) chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human Chinese Confucianism Modern Confucianism (David Elstein) Modern Confucianism (David Elstein) Chinese ethics — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics Chinese Philosophy aesthetics, painting and calligraphy (Yolaine Escande) Chan Buddhism (Peter Hershock) Chinese medicine (Lisa Raphals) Compared to Western Philosophy — see comparative philosophy: Chinese and Western Confucius — see Confucius Dai Zhen — see Dai Zhen Daoism (Taoism) — see Daoism emotions in early Chinese Philosophy (Bongrae Seok) epistemology (Jana Rošker) ethics (David Wong) Han Dynasty (Alexus McLeod) Huayan Buddhism (Bryan Van Norden and Nicholaos Jones) Laozi — see Laozi legalism in (Yuri Pines) logic and language in Early Chinese Philosophy (Marshall D. Willman) Mencius — see Mencius metaphysics (Franklin Perkins) mind (heart-mind) (David Wong) Mohism (Chris Fraser) Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser) Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism philosophy of change (Tze-Ki Hon) Qing philosophy (On-cho Ng) science (Lisa Raphals) social and political thought (Stephen C. Angle) Song-Ming Confucianism (Justin Tiwald) Tiantai Buddhism (Brook Ziporyn) translating and interpreting (Chad Hansen, David Wong, and Henry Rosemont Jr.) Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming Xunzi — see Xunzi Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi aesthetics, painting and calligraphy (Yolaine Escande) Chan Buddhism (Peter Hershock) Chinese medicine (Lisa Raphals) Compared to Western Philosophy — see comparative philosophy: Chinese and Western Confucius — see Confucius Dai Zhen — see Dai Zhen Daoism (Taoism) — see Daoism emotions in early Chinese Philosophy (Bongrae Seok) epistemology (Jana Rošker) ethics (David Wong) Han Dynasty (Alexus McLeod) Huayan Buddhism (Bryan Van Norden and Nicholaos Jones) Laozi — see Laozi legalism in (Yuri Pines) logic and language in Early Chinese Philosophy (Marshall D. Willman) Mencius — see Mencius metaphysics (Franklin Perkins) mind (heart-mind) (David Wong) Mohism (Chris Fraser) Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser) Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism philosophy of change (Tze-Ki Hon) Qing philosophy (On-cho Ng) science (Lisa Raphals) social and political thought (Stephen C. Angle) Song-Ming Confucianism (Justin Tiwald) Tiantai Buddhism (Brook Ziporyn) translating and interpreting (Chad Hansen, David Wong, and Henry Rosemont Jr.) Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming Xunzi — see Xunzi Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi Chinese room argument (David Cole) Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman) choice, axiom of (John L. Bell) choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou) choice, social — see social choice theory Christian theology, philosophy and (William Wood) Church, Alonzo (Harry Deutsch and Oliver Marshall) Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland) Church’s Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis Cicero (Raphael Woolf) citizenship (Dominique Leydet) civic education (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine) civic humanism (Cary Nederman) civil disobedience (Candice Delmas and Kimberley Brownlee) civil rights (Robin L. West) Clarke, Samuel (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati) Clauberg, Johannes (Nabeel Hamid) Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy climate justice — see justice: climate climate science (Wendy Parker) clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research cloning (Katrien Devolder) Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan) coercion (Scott Anderson) cognition animal — see animal: cognition embodied (Lawrence Shapiro and Shannon Spaulding) animal — see animal: cognition embodied (Lawrence Shapiro and Shannon Spaulding) cognitive disability and moral status (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) cognitive science (Paul Thagard) cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen) Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar) Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D’Oro and James Connelly) aesthetics (Gary Kemp) aesthetics (Gary Kemp) Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis) colonialism (Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy) color (Barry Maund) common cause principle — see Reichenbach, Hans: common cause principle common good (Waheed Hussain and Margaret Kohn) common ground in pragmatics (Bart Geurts) common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari) communication animal — see animal: communication animal — see animal: communication communitarianism (Daniel Bell) comparative cognition, methods in (Marta Halina) comparative philosophy Chinese and Western (David Wong) Chinese and Western (David Wong) compatibilism (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates) competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity complexity computability and — see computability and complexity computational — see computational complexity theory computability and — see computability and complexity computational — see computational complexity theory composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of compositionality (Bryan Pickel and Zoltán Gendler Szabó) computability and complexity (Neil Immerman) computation in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini) in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini) computational complexity theory (Walter Dean) computational linguistics — see linguistics: computational computational philosophy (Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer) computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of computer science, philosophy of (Nicola Angius, Giuseppe Primiero, and Raymond Turner) computing modern history of (B. Jack Copeland) and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman) modern history of (B. Jack Copeland) and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman) Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau) concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence) condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen) Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein and Giovanni Grandi) conditionals (Dorothy Edgington) counterfactual (Willow Starr and Alex Kocurek) logic of — see logic: conditionals counterfactual (Willow Starr and Alex Kocurek) logic of — see logic: conditionals Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de in the history of feminism (Joan Landes) in the history of feminism (Joan Landes) confirmation (Vincenzo Crupi) Confucianism gender in Confucian philosophy (Li-Hsiang Rosenlee) Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: Confucian Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Confucianism Mencius — see Mencius Modern Confucianism — see Chinese Confucianism: Modern Confucianism Song-Ming — see Chinese Philosophy: Song-Ming Confucianism Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming Xunzi — see Xunzi Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi gender in Confucian philosophy (Li-Hsiang Rosenlee) Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: Confucian Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Confucianism Mencius — see Mencius Modern Confucianism — see Chinese Confucianism: Modern Confucianism Song-Ming — see Chinese Philosophy: Song-Ming Confucianism Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming Xunzi — see Xunzi Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi Confucius (Mark Csikszentmihalyi) connectionism (Cameron Buckner and James Garson) connectives sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone) sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone) conscience (Alberto Giubilini) medieval theories of (Peter Eardley) medieval theories of (Peter Eardley) consciousness (Robert Van Gulick) animal — see animal: consciousness higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers and Rocco Gennaro) and intentionality (Charles Siewert) neuroscience of (Wayne Wu and Jorge Morales) representational theories of (William Lycan) seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen) temporal (Barry Dainton) unity of (Farid Masrour, Andrew Brook, and Paul Raymont) animal — see animal: consciousness higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers and Rocco Gennaro) and intentionality (Charles Siewert) neuroscience of (Wayne Wu and Jorge Morales) representational theories of (William Lycan) seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen) temporal (Barry Dainton) unity of (Farid Masrour, Andrew Brook, and Paul Raymont) consequence, medieval theories of (Catarina Dutilh Novaes and Milo Crimi) consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) rule (Brad Hooker) rule (Brad Hooker) consequentializing (Douglas W. Portmore) conservation biology (Jay Odenbaugh) conservatism (Andy Hamilton) constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow and Dimitrios Kyritsis) constructive empiricism (Chad Mohler and Bradley Monton) constructivism in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli) in political philosophy (Andrew Williams) in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli) in political philosophy (Andrew Williams) content externalism and skepticism — see skepticism: and content externalism contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew) continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell) continuum hypothesis — see set theory: continuum hypothesis contractarianism (Ann Cudd and Seena Eftekhari) contract law, philosophy of (Daniel Markovits and Emad Atiq) contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan) contradiction (Laurence R. Horn) convention (Michael Rescorla) moral/conventional distinction — see moral/conventional distinction moral/conventional distinction — see moral/conventional distinction Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton) Cooper, Anna Julia (Kathryn Sophia Belle) Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin) Cordemoy, Géraud de (Fred Ablondi) corruption (Seumas Miller) cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach) cosmology methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale) and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh) methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale) and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh) cosmology, philosophy of (Christopher Smeenk and George Ellis) cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown) counterfactuals — see conditionals: counterfactual counterpart theory — see possible objects Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert) creation and conservation (David Vander Laan) creationism (Michael Ruse) creativity (Elliot Samuel Paul and Dustin Stokes) Crescas, Hasdai (Shalom Sadik) criminal law, theories of (James Edwards) critical philosophy of race (Linda Alcoff) critical race theory — see critical philosophy of race critical theory (Robin Celikates and Jeffrey Flynn) aesthetics in — see aesthetics: in critical theory aesthetics in — see aesthetics: in critical theory critical thinking (David Hitchcock) Croce, Benedetto aesthetics (Gary Kemp) aesthetics (Gary Kemp) Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson) Cudworth, Ralph (Sarah Hutton) Cugoano, Ottobah (Antonia LoLordo) cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural cultural heritage, ethics of (Erich Hatala Matthes) culture (Patti Tamara Lenard) and cognitive science (Daniel Kelly and Andreas De Block) and cognitive science (Daniel Kelly and Andreas De Block) Curry’s paradox (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall) Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller) Cyrenaics (Voula Tsouna) D [jump to top] Dai Zhen (Frank Y. C. Chong and Chris Fraser) Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen) dance, philosophy of (Renee Conroy and Aili Bresnahan) Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee and Jason Aleksander) Daoism (Chad Hansen) Laozi — see Laozi Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism religious (Fabrizio Pregadio) Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi Laozi — see Laozi Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism religious (Fabrizio Pregadio) Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi Darwin, Charles from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man — see evolution: from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man — see evolution: from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man Darwinism (James Lennox and Charles H. Pence) Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham David (Christian Wildberg) Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas) death (Steven Luper) definition of (Adam Omelianchuk and David DeGrazia) definition of (Adam Omelianchuk and David DeGrazia) de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de deception definition of — see lying and deception: definition of self — see self-deception definition of — see lying and deception: definition of self — see self-deception decision-making capacity (Jennifer Hawkins and Louis C. Charland) decision theory (Katie Steele and H. Orri Stefánsson) causal (Paul Weirich) descriptive (Jake Chandler) expected utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: expected utility non-expected-utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: rivals to expected utility causal (Paul Weirich) descriptive (Jake Chandler) expected utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: expected utility non-expected-utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: rivals to expected utility Dedekind, Richard contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck) contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck) deductivism in the philosophy of mathematics (Alexander Paseau and Fabian Pregel) defaults in semantics and pragmatics (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt) definitions (Anil Gupta and Stephen Mackereth) dehumanization (Ben Phillips) Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith, John Protevi, and Daniela Voss) Delmedigo, Elijah (Michael Engel) delusion (Lisa Bortolotti) demarcation of science — see science: and pseudo-science democracy (Tom Christiano and Sameer Bajaj) economic (Lisa Herzog) global (Jonathan Kuyper) economic (Lisa Herzog) global (Jonathan Kuyper) Democritus (Sylvia Berryman) demonstration Aristotle’s theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic medieval theories of (John Longeway) Aristotle’s theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic medieval theories of (John Longeway) demonstratives — see indexicals denotation — see reference deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological dependence, ontological (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe) depiction (John Hyman and Katerina Bantinaki) Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor) Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield) epistemology (Lex Newman) ethics (Denis Kambouchner and Louis Rouquayrol) life and works (Kurt Smith) mathematics (Mary Domski) method (Tarek R. Dika) modal metaphysics (David Cunning) ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan) physics (Edward Slowik) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of ideas (Kurt Smith) epistemology (Lex Newman) ethics (Denis Kambouchner and Louis Rouquayrol) life and works (Kurt Smith) mathematics (Mary Domski) method (Tarek R. Dika) modal metaphysics (David Cunning) ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan) physics (Edward Slowik) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of ideas (Kurt Smith) descriptions (Peter Ludlow) desert (Fred Feldman and Brad Skow) Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton) design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence desire (Tim Schroeder) determinates and determinables (Jessica Wilson) determinism ancient theories of — see freedom: ancient theories of causal (Carl Hoefer) ancient theories of — see freedom: ancient theories of causal (Carl Hoefer) developmental biology (Alan Love and Yoshinari Yoshida) evolution and development (Jan Baedke and Scott F. Gilbert) theories of — see biological development: theories of evolution and development (Jan Baedke and Scott F. Gilbert) theories of — see biological development: theories of Dewey, John (David Hildebrand) aesthetics (Tom Leddy and Kalle Puolakka) moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson) political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein) aesthetics (Tom Leddy and Kalle Puolakka) moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson) political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein) Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans) diagrams and diagrammatical reasoning (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma) epistemology of — see visual thinking in mathematics: epistemology of and diagrammatical reasoning (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma) epistemology of — see visual thinking in mathematics: epistemology of Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien and Matthew Duncombe) dialectics, Hegel’s — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics dialetheism (Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber) Diderot, Denis (Charles T. Wolfe and J.B. Shank) Dietrich of Freiberg (Sylvain Roudaut, Véronique Decaix, and Markus Führer) digital art, philosophy of (Katherine Thomson-Jones and Shelby Moser) dignity (Remy Debes) Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel) Diodorus Cronus (Matthew Duncombe) Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. Coady) disability critical disability theory (Melinda C. Hall) definitions and models (David Wasserman and Sean Aas) feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on disability and health care rationing (Jerome Bickenbach) and justice (Jessica Begon, Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch) and well-being (Stephen M. Campbell, Joseph A. Stramondo, and David Wasserman) critical disability theory (Melinda C. Hall) definitions and models (David Wasserman and Sean Aas) feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on disability and health care rationing (Jerome Bickenbach) and justice (Jessica Begon, Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch) and well-being (Stephen M. Campbell, Joseph A. Stramondo, and David Wasserman) disagreement (Bryan Frances and Jonathan Matheson) moral — see moral disagreement moral — see moral disagreement discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier) discrimination (Anthony Sangiuliano) disease — see health disjunction (Maria Aloni) dispositions (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara) Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The distributive justice — see justice: distributive and empirical moral psychology (Christian B. Miller) international — see justice: international distributive and empirical moral psychology (Christian B. Miller) international — see justice: international distributive diversity religious — see religious diversity religious — see religious diversity divine command theory — see voluntarism, theological foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and freedom — see freedom: divine hiddenness — see hiddenness of God illumination (Robert Pasnau) providence — see providence, divine revelation — see revelation, divine simplicity — see simplicity: divine command theory — see voluntarism, theological foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and freedom — see freedom: divine hiddenness — see hiddenness of God illumination (Robert Pasnau) providence — see providence, divine revelation — see revelation, divine simplicity — see simplicity: divine doing vs. allowing harm (Fiona Woollard, Frances Howard-Snyder, and Charlotte Unruh) domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership domination (Richard C. McCammon) donation and sale of human eggs and sperm (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams) donation of human organs (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson) double consciousness (John P. Pittman) double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre) Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom) doxastic voluntarism (Mark Boespflug and Elizabeth Jackson) doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld and David Runia) dreams and dreaming (Jennifer M. Windt) dualism (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir) Du Bois, W.E.B. (Robert Gooding-Williams) Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste (James O. Young and Margaret Cameron) Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew) Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams) Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg) dynamic epistemic logic — see logic: dynamic epistemic dynamic semantics — see semantics: dynamic E [jump to top] Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri) Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart ecological genetics — see genetics: ecological ecology (Alkistis Elliott-Graves) biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith) conservation biology — see conservation biology biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith) conservation biology — see conservation biology economic democracy — see democracy: economic economics in early modern philosophy (Margaret Schabas) philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman) Ramsey and intergenerational welfare economics — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics in early modern philosophy (Margaret Schabas) philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman) Ramsey and intergenerational welfare economics — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics economics [normative] and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey) education, philosophy of (Randall Curren) Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright) egalitarianism (Juliana Bidadanure and David Axelsen) egoism (Robert Shaver) Ehrenfels, Christian von (Robin Rollinger and Carlo Ierna) Einstein, Albert the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument philosophy of science (Don A. Howard and Marco Giovanelli) the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument philosophy of science (Don A. Howard and Marco Giovanelli) Elias (Christian Wildberg) Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia (Lisa Shapiro) emergent properties (Timothy O’Connor) Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman) emotion (Andrea Scarantino and Ronald de Sousa) 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter) in Early Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: emotions in early Chinese Philosophy in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts) medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) responses to fiction — see fiction: emotional responses to 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter) in Early Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: emotions in early Chinese Philosophy in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts) medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) responses to fiction — see fiction: emotional responses to empathy (Karsten Stueber) Empedocles (K. Scarlett Kingsley and Richard Parry) empirical approaches altruism — see altruism: empirical approaches character, moral — see character, moral: empirical approaches moral responsibility — see moral responsibility: empirical approaches psychology of normative cognition — see normative cognition, psychology of altruism — see altruism: empirical approaches character, moral — see character, moral: empirical approaches moral responsibility — see moral responsibility: empirical approaches psychology of normative cognition — see normative cognition, psychology of empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism ancient and medieval (Gregory W. Dawes) constructive — see constructive empiricism logical (Richard Creath) ancient and medieval (Gregory W. Dawes) constructive — see constructive empiricism logical (Richard Creath) Enlightenment (William Bristow) entailment — see logical consequence entropy and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy envy (Justin D’Arms) Epictetus (Margaret Graver) Epicurus (David Konstan) epiphenomenalism (William Robinson) episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry) epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic epistemic closure (Steven Luper) epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen) epistemic self-doubt — see self-doubt, epistemic epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms (Richard Pettigrew) epistemology (Matthias Steup and Ram Neta) Bayesian (Hanti Lin) contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms) feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: epistemology and philosophy of science in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology in Latin America (Diego Machuca) moral — see moral epistemology moral, a priorism in — see moral epistemology: a priorism in naturalism in (Patrick Rysiew) reliabilist — see reliabilist epistemology social (Cailin O’Connor, Sanford Goldberg, and Alvin Goldman) social feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: social epistemology virtue (John Turri, Mark Alfano, and John Greco) Bayesian (Hanti Lin) contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms) feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: epistemology and philosophy of science in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology in Latin America (Diego Machuca) moral — see moral epistemology moral, a priorism in — see moral epistemology: a priorism in naturalism in (Patrick Rysiew) reliabilist — see reliabilist epistemology social (Cailin O’Connor, Sanford Goldberg, and Alvin Goldman) social feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: social epistemology virtue (John Turri, Mark Alfano, and John Greco) epistemology, formal (Jonathan Weisberg) epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach) equality (Stefan Gosepath) of educational opportunity (Liam Shields, Anne Newman, and Debra Satz) of opportunity (Gideon Elford) of educational opportunity (Liam Shields, Anne Newman, and Debra Satz) of opportunity (Gideon Elford) equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Fernflores) Erasmus, Desiderius (Erika Rummel and Eric MacPhail) ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz) Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran and Adrian Guiu) essence, real — see Locke, John: on real essence essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties essential vs. accidental properties (Philip Atkins, Fabrice Correia, and Teresa Robertson Ishii) eternity, in Christian thought (Natalja Deng) ethics actualism and possibilism — see actualism and possibilism in ethics ancient (Richard Parry and Harald Thorsrud) of belief — see belief, ethics of business (Jeffrey Moriarty) Chinese — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore) environmental (Andrew Brennan and Norva Y. S. Lo) feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: ethics in Indian Buddhism (Charles Goodman and Aaron Schultz) internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer) natural law tradition (Mark Murphy) and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics search engines and (Herman Tavani and Michael Zimmer) and social networking — see social networking and ethics thick concepts — see thick ethical concepts utilitarian — see consequentialism virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse and Glen Pettigrove) actualism and possibilism — see actualism and possibilism in ethics ancient (Richard Parry and Harald Thorsrud) of belief — see belief, ethics of business (Jeffrey Moriarty) Chinese — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore) environmental (Andrew Brennan and Norva Y. S. Lo) feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: ethics in Indian Buddhism (Charles Goodman and Aaron Schultz) internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer) natural law tradition (Mark Murphy) and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics search engines and (Herman Tavani and Michael Zimmer) and social networking — see social networking and ethics thick concepts — see thick ethical concepts utilitarian — see consequentialism virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse and Glen Pettigrove) ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics ethics, applied phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and ethics, biomedical abortion, ethics of — see abortion, ethics of advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer) clinical research (David Wendler) cloning — see cloning decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity disability — see disability: definitions and models disease and health, concepts of — see health the donation and sale of human eggs and sperm — see donation and sale of human eggs and sperm the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs human enhancement — see human enhancement informed consent — see informed consent justice, inequality, and health (Douglas MacKay and Gopal Sreenivasan) justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels) pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine privacy and medicine (Anita Allen) public health ethics — see public health: ethics the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs stem cell research (Andrew Siegel) theory (Jennifer Flynn) abortion, ethics of — see abortion, ethics of advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer) clinical research (David Wendler) cloning — see cloning decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity disability — see disability: definitions and models disease and health, concepts of — see health the donation and sale of human eggs and sperm — see donation and sale of human eggs and sperm the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs human enhancement — see human enhancement informed consent — see informed consent justice, inequality, and health (Douglas MacKay and Gopal Sreenivasan) justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels) pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine privacy and medicine (Anita Allen) public health ethics — see public health: ethics the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs stem cell research (Andrew Siegel) theory (Jennifer Flynn) eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient eugenics (Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Sara Goering) euthanasia voluntary (Robert Young) voluntary (Robert Young) events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) evidence (Thomas Kelly) the legal concept of (Hock Lai Ho) scientific — see confirmation the legal concept of (Hock Lai Ho) scientific — see confirmation evidence, higher-order (Sophie Horowitz) evil concept of (Todd Calder) kinds and origins (Andrew Chignell) problem of (Michael Tooley) concept of (Todd Calder) kinds and origins (Andrew Chignell) problem of (Michael Tooley) evolution (Roberta L. Millstein) concept before Darwin (Phillip Sloan) cultural (Tim Lewens and Andrew Buskell) from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man (Phillip Sloan) concept before Darwin (Phillip Sloan) cultural (Tim Lewens and Andrew Buskell) from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man (Phillip Sloan) evolutionary approaches to religion — see religion: evolutionary approaches evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary existence (Michael Nelson) existentialism (Kevin Aho) aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist Mexican (Carlos Sánchez) aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist Mexican (Carlos Sánchez) experience, aesthetic — see aesthetic experience experimental jurisprudence — see jurisprudence, experimental experimental moral philosophy (Mark Alfano, Edouard Machery, Alexandra Plakias, and Don Loeb) experimental philosophy (Justin Sytsma, Kevin Reuter, and Pascale Willemsen) experimental philosophy of art and aesthetics — see art and aesthetics: experimental philosophy of experimentation in biology — see biology: experiment in in physics — see physics: experiment in in biology — see biology: experiment in in physics — see physics: experiment in explanation mathematical — see mathematical: explanation metaphysics — see metaphysical explanation scientific, 20th century theories — see scientific explanation: 20th century theories scientific, causal — see scientific explanation: causal approaches to mathematical — see mathematical: explanation metaphysics — see metaphysical explanation scientific, 20th century theories — see scientific explanation: 20th century theories scientific, causal — see scientific explanation: causal approaches to exploitation (Matt Zwolinski, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer) externalism and self-knowledge (T. Parent) and self-knowledge (T. Parent) externalism about the mind (Mark Rowlands, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch) extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham F [jump to top] facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia) fairness algorithmic (Deborah Hellman) algorithmic (Deborah Hellman) faith (John Bishop and Daniel J. McKaughan) Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey) fallacies (Hans Hansen) Fanon, Frantz (John Drabinski) fatalism (Hugh Rice) Fechner, Gustav Theodor (Frederick C. Beiser) federalism (Andreas Follesdal) Feigl, Herbert (Matthias Neuber) Fell, Margaret (Jacqueline Broad) feminist philosophy (Noëlle McAfee, Ann Garry, Anita Superson, Heidi Grasswick, and Serene Khader) feminist philosophy, approaches analytic philosophy (Ann Garry) continental philosophy (Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou, B. Tamsin Kimoto, Ege Selin Islekel, Marie Draz, and Erika Brown) intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke) intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan and Erin Tarver) Latin American feminism (Stephanie Rivera Berruz) pragmatism (Judy Whipps and Danielle Lake) psychoanalytic philosophy (Claudia Leeb and Emily Zakin) analytic philosophy (Ann Garry) continental philosophy (Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou, B. 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Baehr) metaphysics (Katharine Jenkins, Matthew Cull, Sally Haslanger, and Ásta) moral psychology (Anita Superson) philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr and Letitia Meynell) philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul, Esa Diaz-Leon, and Samia Hesni) philosophy of law (Leslie Francis) philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry and Mary-Jane Rubenstein) political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee and Katie B. Howard) social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick) feminist philosophy, topics perspectives on argumentation (Catherine E. Hundleby) perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar) perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson, Rosemary Hennessy, and Mechthild Nagel) perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers) perspectives on globalization (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox) perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki) perspectives on power (Amy Allen) perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant) perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz) perspectives on science (Sharon Crasnow) perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola) perspectives on sex markets (Lori Watson) perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon and Clara Fischer) perspectives on the self (Ellie Anderson, Cynthia Willett, and Diana Meyers) perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher) perspectives on argumentation (Catherine E. Hundleby) perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar) perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson, Rosemary Hennessy, and Mechthild Nagel) perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers) perspectives on globalization (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox) perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki) perspectives on power (Amy Allen) perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant) perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz) perspectives on science (Sharon Crasnow) perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola) perspectives on sex markets (Lori Watson) perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon and Clara Fischer) perspectives on the self (Ellie Anderson, Cynthia Willett, and Diana Meyers) perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher) Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Todd Gooch) Feyerabend, Paul (Eric Oberheim and John Preston) Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale) Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher S. Celenza) fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini) emotional responses to (Katie Tullmann) fictional entities (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini) emotional responses to (Katie Tullmann) fictional entities (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini) fictionalism (Matti Eklund) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism modal (Daniel Nolan) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism modal (Daniel Nolan) fideism (Richard Amesbury) film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg) finance, philosophy of money and — see money and finance, philosophy of Findlay, J.N. (Douglas Lackey) fine-tuning (Simon Friederich) Fitch’s paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno) fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard) fitting attitude theories of value (Christopher Howard) FitzRalph, Richard (Michael W. Dunne) Fleck, Ludwik (Wojciech Sady) folk psychology as mental simulation (Luca Barlassina and Robert M. Gordon) as a theory (Daniel Hutto and Ian Ravenscroft) as mental simulation (Luca Barlassina and Robert M. Gordon) as a theory (Daniel Hutto and Ian Ravenscroft) Foot, Philippa (John Hacker-Wright) foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and forgiveness (Luke Russell and Brandon Warmke) formal epistemology — see epistemology, formal formalism in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology form vs. matter (Thomas Ainsworth) Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting and Johanna Oksala) four dimensionalism — see temporal parts frame problem (Murray Shanahan) Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel) Frankfurt School — see critical theory freedom ancient theories of (Tim O’Keefe) of association (Kimberley Brownlee and David Jenkins) divine (Klaas Kraay) positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative of speech (Jeffrey W. Howard) ancient theories of (Tim O’Keefe) of association (Kimberley Brownlee and David Jenkins) divine (Klaas Kraay) positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative of speech (Jeffrey W. Howard) free rider problem (Garrett Cullity) free will (Timothy O’Connor and Christopher Franklin) (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will divine foreknowledge and (David Hunt and Linda Zagzebski) (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will divine foreknowledge and (David Hunt and Linda Zagzebski) Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta) controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette) logic (Roy Cook) theorem and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta) controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette) logic (Roy Cook) theorem and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta) friendship (Bennett Helm) Fuller, Margaret (Daniel Howe and Sonia Di Loreto) function in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology propositional — see propositional function recursive — see recursive functions in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology propositional — see propositional function recursive — see recursive functions functionalism (Janet Levin) fundamentality (Tuomas E. Tahko) future contingents (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle) medieval theories of (Gloria Frost and Simo Knuuttila) medieval theories of (Gloria Frost and Simo Knuuttila) G [jump to top] Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas) aesthetics (Nicholas Davey and Cynthia Nielsen) aesthetics (Nicholas Davey and Cynthia Nielsen) Galen (P. N. Singer) Galileo Galilei (David Marshall Miller) games abstraction and completeness (Felice Cardone) logic and — see logic: and games logics for analyzing — see logic: for analyzing games abstraction and completeness (Felice Cardone) logic and — see logic: and games logics for analyzing — see logic: for analyzing games game theory (Don Ross) epistemic foundations of (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy) and ethics (Keith Hankins and Peter Vanderschraaf) evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander) epistemic foundations of (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy) and ethics (Keith Hankins and Peter Vanderschraaf) evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander) Gaṅgeśa (Stephen Phillips) Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher) gauge theories in physics (John Dougherty) Gelukpa [dge lugs pa] (Douglas Duckworth) gene (Robert Meunier) generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl) general relativity early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman) early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman) generic generalizations (Sarah-Jane Leslie and Adam Lerner) genetic drift (Roberta L. Millstein) genetics (James Tabery) ecological (Michael Wade) genotype/phenotype distinction (Peter Taylor and Richard Lewontin) molecular (Ken Waters and Marcel Weber) population (Samir Okasha) ecological (Michael Wade) genotype/phenotype distinction (Peter Taylor and Richard Lewontin) molecular (Ken Waters and Marcel Weber) population (Samir Okasha) genomics and postgenomics (Stephan Guttinger and John Dupré) geometry epistemology of (Jeremy Gray and José Ferreirós) finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem) in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti) epistemology of (Jeremy Gray and José Ferreirós) finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem) in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti) George, Eliot (Clare Carlisle) Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century German Philosophy in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Corey Dyck and Brigitte Sassen) in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Corey Dyck and Brigitte Sassen) Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky) Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini) given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of global democracy — see democracy: global globalization (William Scheuerman) global justice — see justice: global God and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson) and other ultimates (Jeanine Diller) and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson) and other ultimates (Jeanine Diller) God, arguments for belief in pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God God, arguments for the existence of cosmological — see cosmological argument Descartes’ ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument moral arguments (C. Stephen Evans and David Baggett) ontological — see ontological arguments teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence cosmological — see cosmological argument Descartes’ ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument moral arguments (C. Stephen Evans and David Baggett) ontological — see ontological arguments teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel) Godwin, William (Mark Philp) Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy) incompleteness theorems (Panu Raatikainen) incompleteness theorems (Panu Raatikainen) Goodman, Nelson (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg) aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli) aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli) goodness, perfect (Mark Murphy) goods, public — see public goods Gorampa [go rams pa] (Constance Kassor) grammar categorial — see grammar: typelogical typelogical (Michael Moortgat) categorial — see grammar: typelogical typelogical (Michael Moortgat) Gramsci, Antonio (James Martin) gratitude (Tony Manela) Green, Thomas Hill (David Brink) Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard) Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner) Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis and Nicola Polloni) Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller) grounding, metaphysical (Ricki Bliss and Kelly Trogdon) group rights — see rights: group H [jump to top] Habermas, Jürgen (James Gordon Finlayson and Dafydd Huw Rees) haecceitism (Sam Cowling) haecceity — see substance medieval theories of (Richard Cross) medieval theories of (Richard Cross) Halevi, Judah (Ehud Krinis) Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson) Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century happiness (Dan Haybron) Hare, Richard Mervyn (Anthony Price) Hartley, David (Richard Allen) Hartmann, Nicolai (Keith Peterson and Roberto Poli) Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski) hate speech (Luvell Anderson and Michael Barnes) Hayek, Friedrich (David Schmidtz and Peter Boettke) health (Dominic Murphy) heart-mind, in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind) heaven and hell in Christian thought (Thomas Talbott) hedonism (Andrew Moore) Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding) aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate) dialectics (Julie E. Maybee) social and political philosophy (Thom Brooks) aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate) dialectics (Julie E. Maybee) social and political philosophy (Thom Brooks) Heidegger, Martin (Mark Wrathall) aesthetics (Iain Thomson) aesthetics (Iain Thomson) hell and heaven in Christian thought — see heaven and hell in Christian thought Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton) Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer) Henry, Michel (Frédéric Seyler) Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro) Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham) Herbart, Johann Friedrich (Alan Kim) Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster) heritability (Stephen M. Downes and Lucas Matthews) inheritance systems — see inheritance systems inheritance systems — see inheritance systems hermeneutics (Theodore George) Heytesbury, William (Miroslav Hanke and Elzbieta Jung) hiddenness of God (Daniel Howard-Snyder and Adam Green) Hilbert, David controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach) controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach) Hippias — see Sophists, The history, philosophy of (Daniel Little) Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan) moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar) philosophy of science (Marcus P. Adams) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar) philosophy of science (Marcus P. Adams) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d’ (Michael LeBuffe) holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber and John T. Slotemaker) Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century homosexuality (Brent Pickett) Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky and Robert Talisse) hope (Claudia Bloeser and Titus Stahl) Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen) human enhancement (Daniel Moseley and Eric Juengst) human genome project (Lisa Gannett) humanism civic — see civic humanism civic — see civic humanism human nature (Neil Roughley) human rights — see rights: human human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research Humboldt, Alexander von (Dalia Nassar) Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer and Markus Messling) Hume, David (Hsueh Qu and Elizabeth S. Radcliffe) aesthetics (Theodore Gracyk) and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon) Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser and Tamás Demeter) on free will (Paul Russell) on religion (Paul Russell and Anders Kraal) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of aesthetics (Theodore Gracyk) and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon) Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser and Tamás Demeter) on free will (Paul Russell) on religion (Paul Russell and Anders Kraal) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of humility — see modesty and humility humor, philosophy of (John Morreall) Husserl, Edmund (Dan Zahavi) Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Hutcheson, Francis (Dale Dorsey) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid hyperintensionality (Francesco Berto and Daniel Nolan) I [jump to top] Iamblichus (Riccardo Chiaradonna and Adrien Lecerf) Ibn ‘Arabī (William Chittick) Ibn Bâjja [Avempace] (Josep Puig Montada) Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine and Amira Eran) Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann) Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron] (Sarah Pessin) Ibn Kammūna (Tzvi Langermann) Ibn Rushd [Averroes] (Fouad Ben Ahmed and Robert Pasnau) natural philosophy (Josep Puig Montada) natural philosophy (Josep Puig Montada) Ibn Sina [Avicenna] (Dimitri Gutas) logic (Riccardo Strobino) metaphysics (Olga Lizzini) natural philosophy (Jon McGinnis) logic (Riccardo Strobino) metaphysics (Olga Lizzini) natural philosophy (Jon McGinnis) Ibn Taymiyya (Jon Hoover) Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn idealism (Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann) identity (Harold Noonan and Ben Curtis) of indiscernibles (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra) over time (Andre Gallois and Irem Kurtsal) personal — see personal identity relative (Harry Deutsch and Pawel Garbacz) transworld (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago) of indiscernibles (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra) over time (Andre Gallois and Irem Kurtsal) personal — see personal identity relative (Harry Deutsch and Pawel Garbacz) transworld (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago) identity politics (Cressida Heyes) identity theory of mind — see mind/brain identity theory ideology (William Clare Roberts) ideology, law and — see law: and ideology idiolects (Alex Barber and Eduardo Garcia Ramirez) Ikhwān al-Safā’ (Carmela Baffioni) imagery, mental — see mental imagery imagination (Daniel Munro, Shen-yi Liao, and Tamar Gendler) imaginative resistance (Emine Hande Tuna) imitation game — see Turing test immigration (Christopher Heath Wellman) immortality — see afterlife immunology, philosophy of (Bartlomiej Swiatczak and Alfred I. Tauber) immutability (Brian Leftow) impartiality (Troy Jollimore) implicature (Wayne Davis) optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij and Michael Franke) optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij and Michael Franke) implicit bias — see bias, implicit impossible worlds (Francesco Berto and Mark Jago) incommensurability of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene) of values — see value: incommensurable of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene) of values — see value: incommensurable incomparable values — see value: incommensurable incompatibilism (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke, Justin Capes, and Philip Swenson) arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin) (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke, Justin Capes, and Philip Swenson) arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin) indexicals (David Braun) Indian Philosophy (Classical) concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske) epistemology (Stephen Phillips and Anand Vaidya) language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande) literal-nonliteral distinction (Malcolm Keating) logic (Brendan Gillon) naturalism (Amita Chatterjee) perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha) personhood (Monima Chadha) concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske) epistemology (Stephen Phillips and Anand Vaidya) language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande) literal-nonliteral distinction (Malcolm Keating) logic (Brendan Gillon) naturalism (Amita Chatterjee) perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha) personhood (Monima Chadha) individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath) individuals, biological — see biological individuals induction problem of (Leah Henderson) problem of (Leah Henderson) inductive logic — see logic: inductive inequality — see equality inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames inference to the best explanation — see abduction infinite regress arguments (Ross Cameron) infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals infinity (Kenny Easwaran, Alan Hájek, Paolo Mancosu, and Graham Oppy) informal logic — see logic: informal information (Pieter Adriaans) biological (Marc Artiga) and logic — see logic: and information quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information semantic conceptions of (Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson and Luciano Floridi) biological (Marc Artiga) and logic — see logic: and information quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information semantic conceptions of (Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson and Luciano Floridi) information processing and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney) and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney) information technology and moral values (John Sullins) phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna) and privacy (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier) and moral values (John Sullins) phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna) and privacy (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier) informed consent (Nir Eyal) Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson) inherence — see substance inheritance systems (Ehud Lamm) innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths and Stefan Linquist) innateness and contemporary theories of cognition (Mark Cain) historical controversies (Jerry Samet) and language (Gabe Dupre) and contemporary theories of cognition (Mark Cain) historical controversies (Jerry Samet) and language (Gabe Dupre) inner speech (Daniel Gregory and Peter Langland-Hassan) insolubles [= insolubilia ] (Stephen Read and Paul Vincent Spade) instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine) intelligent design, theory of — see creationism intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes) intention (Kieran Setiya) intentionality (Pierre Jacob) collective (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid) consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston) phenomenal (David Bourget and Angela Mendelovici) collective (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid) consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston) phenomenal (David Bourget and Angela Mendelovici) internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external international law, philosophy of (John Tasioulas and Guglielmo Verdirame) internet research ethics — see ethics: internet research intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Dan Marshall and Brian Weatherson) introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel) intuition (Joel Pust) intuitionism ethics — see moral intuitionism in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism ethics — see moral intuitionism in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic intuitionistic type theory — see type theory: intuitionistic inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin, R. David Walker, and Shalom Sadik) Italos, John (András Kraft) J [jump to top] Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (Paolo Livieri and George di Giovanni) Jaina Philosophy (Marie-Hélène Gorisse) James, William (Russell Goodman) James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté) Japanese Philosophy (Thomas Kasulis and Raquel Bouso) aesthetics (Graham Parkes and Adam Loughnane) Confucian (John Tucker) Kokugaku School [Native Japan Studies School] (Gideon Fujiwara and Peter Nosco) Kūkai (John Krummel) Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis) Nishida Kitarō — see Nishida Kitarō Pure Land (Dennis Hirota) Watsuji Tetsurō — see Watsuji Tetsurō Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo) aesthetics (Graham Parkes and Adam Loughnane) Confucian (John Tucker) Kokugaku School [Native Japan Studies School] (Gideon Fujiwara and Peter Nosco) Kūkai (John Krummel) Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis) Nishida Kitarō — see Nishida Kitarō Pure Land (Dennis Hirota) Watsuji Tetsurō — see Watsuji Tetsurō Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo) Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill and Ronny Miron) Jayarāśi (Piotr Balcerowicz) Jefferson, Thomas (M. Andrew Holowchak) Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans) John of Salisbury (Karen Bollermann and Cary Nederman) Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag) Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah judgment aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment judgment aggregation and belief merging — see belief merging and judgment aggregation jurisprudence, experimental (Kevin Tobia, Guilherme Almeida, Karolina Prochownik, and Ivar Hannikainen) jury theorems (Franz Dietrich and Kai Spiekermann) justice (David Miller) and access to health care — see ethics, biomedical: justice and access to health care and bad luck — see luck: justice and bad luck climate (Simon Caney) and disability — see disability: and justice distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor) distributive justice and empirical moral psychology — see distributive justice: and empirical moral psychology economic — see economics and economic justice global (Gillian Brock and Nicole Hassoun) inequality and health — see ethics, biomedical: justice, inequality, and health intergenerational (Lukas Meyer) international distributive (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith) retributive (Alec Walen) territorial — see territorial rights and justice transitional (Nir Eisikovits) as a virtue (Mark LeBar) and access to health care — see ethics, biomedical: justice and access to health care and bad luck — see luck: justice and bad luck climate (Simon Caney) and disability — see disability: and justice distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor) distributive justice and empirical moral psychology — see distributive justice: and empirical moral psychology economic — see economics and economic justice global (Gillian Brock and Nicole Hassoun) inequality and health — see ethics, biomedical: justice, inequality, and health intergenerational (Lukas Meyer) international distributive (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith) retributive (Alec Walen) territorial — see territorial rights and justice transitional (Nir Eisikovits) as a virtue (Mark LeBar) justification, epistemic a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson) foundationalist theories of (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (Clayton Littlejohn) reliabilism — see reliabilist epistemology transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson) foundationalist theories of (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (Clayton Littlejohn) reliabilism — see reliabilist epistemology transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant justification, political public (Kevin Vallier) public (Kevin Vallier) K [jump to top] Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf) account of reason (Garrath Williams) aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg) conceptualism/nonconceptualism (Colin McLear) critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier) and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman) and Hume on morality (Eric Entrican Wilson and Lara Denis) and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson) moral philosophy (Robert Johnson and Adam Cureton) philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld and Michael Thompson) philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel) philosophy of religion (Lawrence Pasternack and Courtney Fugate) philosophy of science (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan) social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher) theory of judgment (Robert Hanna) transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom) transcendental idealism (Nicholas F. Stang) view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook and Julian Wuerth) views on space and time (Andrew Janiak) account of reason (Garrath Williams) aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg) conceptualism/nonconceptualism (Colin McLear) critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier) and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman) and Hume on morality (Eric Entrican Wilson and Lara Denis) and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson) moral philosophy (Robert Johnson and Adam Cureton) philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld and Michael Thompson)

philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel) philosophy of religion (Lawrence Pasternack and Courtney Fugate) philosophy of science (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan) social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher) theory of judgment (Robert Hanna) transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom) transcendental idealism (Nicholas F. Stang) view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook and Julian Wuerth) views on space and time (Andrew Janiak) Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher and Moshe Kahan) Kepler, Johannes (Daniel A. Di Liscia) Kierkegaard, Søren (John Lippitt and C. Stephen Evans) killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung) Kilwardby, Robert (José Filipe Silva) knowledge analysis of (Jonathan Ichikawa and Matthias Steup) a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge by acquaintance vs. description (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) self- — see self-knowledge analysis of (Jonathan Ichikawa and Matthias Steup) a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge by acquaintance vs. description (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) self- — see self-knowledge knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard, John Turri, and J. Adam Carter) knowledge how (Carlotta Pavese) Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School Korean Philosophy (Halla Kim) Buddhism (Lucy Hyekyung Jee) Confucianism (Kevin N. Cawley) Buddhism (Lucy Hyekyung Jee) Confucianism (Kevin N. Cawley) Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird) Kumārila (Daniel Arnold) Kūkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kūkai L [jump to top] Lacan, Jacques (Adrian Johnston) La Forge, Louis de (Andrea Sangiacomo and Desmond Clarke) Lakatos, Imre (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden) lambda calculus, the (Jesse Alama and Johannes Korbmacher) Lambert of Auxerre (Sara L. Uckelman) Landmann-Kalischer, Edith (Daniel Dahlstrom) Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain, Lydia Patton, and Elisabeth Widmer) Langer, Susanne (Juliet Floyd) language of thought hypothesis (Michael Rescorla) Laozi (Alan Chan) large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy Latin American Philosophy (Jorge Gracia and Manuel Vargas) analytic philosophy in (Diana Ines Perez and Santiago Echeverri) bioethics — see bioethics: in Latin American epistemology — see epistemology: in Latin America feminism — see feminist philosophy, approaches: Latin American feminism liberalism — see liberalism: in Latin America metaphilosophical foundations (Susana Nuccetelli) philosophy of biology — see philosophy of biology: in Latin America philosophy of science — see philosophy of science: in Latin America skepticism — see skepticism: in Latin America analytic philosophy in (Diana Ines Perez and Santiago Echeverri) bioethics — see bioethics: in Latin American epistemology — see epistemology: in Latin America feminism — see feminist philosophy, approaches: Latin American feminism liberalism — see liberalism: in Latin America metaphilosophical foundations (Susana Nuccetelli) philosophy of biology — see philosophy of biology: in Latin America philosophy of science — see philosophy of science: in Latin America skepticism — see skepticism: in Latin America Latinx Philosophy (Manuel Vargas) law and ideology (Christine Sypnowich) and language (Timothy Endicott) limits of — see limits of law nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories rule of — see rule of law and procedural fairness and ideology (Christine Sypnowich) and language (Timothy Endicott) limits of — see limits of law nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories rule of — see rule of law and procedural fairness laws of nature (John W. Carroll) ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, Andreas Hüttemann, and Siegfried Jaag) ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, Andreas Hüttemann, and Siegfried Jaag) learning, perceptual (Kevin Connolly and Adrienne Prettyman) learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte) Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (Richard J. Oosterhoff) legal interpretation (Mark Greenberg) legal obligation and authority (Massimo Renzo and Leslie Green) legal philosophy economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser) economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser) legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism legal probabilism (Rafal Urbaniak and Marcello Di Bello) legal punishment — see punishment, legal legal reasoning interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson) precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond) interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson) precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond) legal rights (Ori Herstein) legitimacy, political (Fabienne Peter) Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton) Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look) ethics (Andrew Youpa and Saja Parvizian) Exoteric Philosophy (John Whipple) influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus) modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look) on causation (Marc Bobro) on the problem of evil (Thomas Feeney) philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin) philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough) ethics (Andrew Youpa and Saja Parvizian) Exoteric Philosophy (John Whipple) influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus) modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look) on causation (Marc Bobro) on the problem of evil (Thomas Feeney) philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin) philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough) Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold) Leone Ebreo — see Abrabanel, Judah Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons) Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman) levels of organization in biology (Markus I. Eronen and Daniel Stephen Brooks) Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo) Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter) Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson) metaphysics (Ned Hall, Brian Rabern, and Wolfgang Schwarz) metaphysics (Ned Hall, Brian Rabern, and Wolfgang Schwarz) liar paradox (Jc Beall, Michael Glanzberg, Ellie Ripley, and Lorenzo Rossi) in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy (Ahmed Alwishah and David Sanson) in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy (Ahmed Alwishah and David Sanson) liberal feminism — see feminist philosophy, interventions: liberal feminism liberalism (Shane D. Courtland, Gerald Gaus, and David Schmidtz) in Latin America (Faviola Rivera) in Latin America (Faviola Rivera) liberation, philosophy of (Eduardo Mendieta) libertarianism (Bas van der Vossen and Billy Christmas) liberty positive and negative (Ian Carter and Ilkin Huseynli) positive and negative (Ian Carter and Ilkin Huseynli) life (Carlos Mariscal) meaning of (Thaddeus Metz) meaning of (Thaddeus Metz) lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund limits of law (John Stanton-Ife) linear logic — see logic: linear linguistics computational (Lenhart Schubert) philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Ryan Nefdt) computational (Lenhart Schubert) philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Ryan Nefdt) Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy) living wills — see advance directives Llull, Ramon (Ernesto Priani) location and mereology (Cody Gilmore, Claudio Calosi, and Damiano Costa) Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Adeshei Carter and Corey Barnes) Locke, John (William Uzgalis) moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan) on freedom (Samuel Rickless) on medicine (Jonathan Craig Walmsley) on personal identity (Jessica Gordon-Roth) on real essence (Jan-Erik Jones) philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras) political philosophy (Alex Tuckness) moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan) on freedom (Samuel Rickless) on medicine (Jonathan Craig Walmsley) on personal identity (Jessica Gordon-Roth) on real essence (Jan-Erik Jones) philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras) political philosophy (Alex Tuckness) logic action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht) algebraic propositional (Ramon Jansana) ancient (Susanne Bobzien) of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson) classical (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel) combinatory (Katalin Bimbó) combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio) conditionals (Paul Egré and Hans Rott) connexive (Heinrich Wansing) deontic (Paul McNamara and Frederik Van De Putte) dependence (Pietro Galliani) dialogical (Nicolas Clerbout and Zoe McConaughey) dynamic epistemic (Alexandru Baltag and Bryan Renne) epistemic (Rasmus Rendsvig, John Symons, and Yanjing Wang) for analyzing games (Johan van Benthem and Dominik Klein) for analyzing power in normal form games (Paolo Turrini and Thomas Ågotnes) free (Norbert Gratzl, Edi Pavlović, and John Nolt) fuzzy (Petr Cintula, Christian G. Fermüller, and Carles Noguera) and games (Wilfrid Hodges and Jouko Väänänen) hybrid (Torben Braüner) in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo) inductive (James Hawthorne) infinitary (John L. Bell) informal (Leo Groarke) and information (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson) intensional (Melvin Fitting) intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis) justification (Sergei Artemov, Melvin Fitting, and Thomas Studer) linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller) logic-based artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic-based many-sorted (María Manzano and Víctor Aranda) many-valued (João Marcos, Adam Přenosil, and Paul Egré) of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of modal (James Garson) natural deduction systems in — see natural deduction systems in logic non-monotonic (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli) normative status of (Florian Steinberger) and ontology (Thomas Hofweber) paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber) preference (Fenrong Liu and Leon van der Torre) and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack) propositional (Curtis Franks) propositional dynamic (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani) provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) relevance (Edwin Mares) second-order and higher-order (Jouko Väänänen) sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic substructural (Greg Restall) temporal (Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg) action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht) algebraic propositional (Ramon Jansana) ancient (Susanne Bobzien) of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson) classical (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel) combinatory (Katalin Bimbó) combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio) conditionals (Paul Egré and Hans Rott) connexive (Heinrich Wansing) deontic (Paul McNamara and Frederik Van De Putte) dependence (Pietro Galliani) dialogical (Nicolas Clerbout and Zoe McConaughey) dynamic epistemic (Alexandru Baltag and Bryan Renne) epistemic (Rasmus Rendsvig, John Symons, and Yanjing Wang) for analyzing games (Johan van Benthem and Dominik Klein) for analyzing power in normal form games (Paolo Turrini and Thomas Ågotnes) free (Norbert Gratzl, Edi Pavlović, and John Nolt) fuzzy (Petr Cintula, Christian G. Fermüller, and Carles Noguera) and games (Wilfrid Hodges and Jouko Väänänen) hybrid (Torben Braüner) in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo) inductive (James Hawthorne) infinitary (John L. Bell) informal (Leo Groarke) and information (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson) intensional (Melvin Fitting) intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis) justification (Sergei Artemov, Melvin Fitting, and Thomas Studer) linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller) logic-based artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic-based many-sorted (María Manzano and Víctor Aranda) many-valued (João Marcos, Adam Přenosil, and Paul Egré) of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of modal (James Garson) natural deduction systems in — see natural deduction systems in logic non-monotonic (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli) normative status of (Florian Steinberger) and ontology (Thomas Hofweber) paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber) preference (Fenrong Liu and Leon van der Torre) and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack) propositional (Curtis Franks) propositional dynamic (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani) provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) relevance (Edwin Mares) second-order and higher-order (Jouko Väänänen) sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic substructural (Greg Restall) temporal (Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg) logic, history of first-order logic (William Ewald) intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten) modal logic (Roberta Ballarin) proof theory — see proof theory: development of set theory, early — see set theory: early development first-order logic (William Ewald) intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten) modal logic (Roberta Ballarin) proof theory — see proof theory: development of set theory, early — see set theory: early development logical atomism Russell’s (Kevin Klement) Wittgenstein’s — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism Russell’s (Kevin Klement) Wittgenstein’s — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism logical consequence (Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi) algebraic propositional logic — see logic: algebraic propositional algebraic propositional logic — see logic: algebraic propositional logical constants (John MacFarlane) logical constructions (Bernard Linsky) logical empiricism — see empiricism: logical logical form (Paul Pietroski) logical pluralism (Gillian Russell and Christopher Blake-Turner) logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente) logicism and neologicism (Neil Tennant) Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan) love (Bennett Helm) loyalty (John Kleinig) luck justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen) moral (Dana K. Nelkin) justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen) moral (Dana K. Nelkin) Lucretius (Simon Trépanier) Lukács, Georg [György] (Titus Stahl) Łukasiewicz, Jan (Peter Simons) Luther, Martin (Robert Stern and Volker Leppin) influence on philosophy (Robert Stern and Volker Leppin) influence on philosophy (Robert Stern and Volker Leppin) Luxemburg, Rosa (Lea Ypi) Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński) lying and deception definition of (James Edwin Mahon) definition of (James Edwin Mahon) Lyotard, Jean François (Peter Gratton) M [jump to top] Macaulay, Catharine (Karen Green) Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman) Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman) macroevolution, philosophy of (Derek Turner and Joyce C. Havstad) Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes) Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Y. Melamed) Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin) the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin) the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin) Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan) Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke, Gerhard Zecha, and Hamid Taieb) deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst, Stefania Centrone, and Pierluigi Minari) deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst, Stefania Centrone, and Pierluigi Minari) Mandeville, Bernard (Mikko Tolonen and Robin Douglass) manipulation, ethics of (Robert Noggle) many, problem of (Brian Weatherson) Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor and Brendan Sweetman) Marcus, Ruth Barcan (Roberta Ballarin) Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar) Marcuse, Herbert (Arnold Farr) Marinella, Lucrezia (Marguerite Deslauriers) Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet) markets (Lisa Herzog) marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake) Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen) Marsilius of Padua (Alessandro Mulieri) Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger and Hynek Janousek) Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff and David Leopold) Marxism, analytical (David Leopold) Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton) mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy mass expressions logic of (David Nicolas) metaphysics of (Mark Steen) logic of (David Nicolas) metaphysics of (Mark Steen) material constitution (Ryan Wasserman) materialism — see physicalism eliminative (William Ramsey) eliminative (William Ramsey) mathematical explanation (Paolo Mancosu, Francesca Poggiolesi, and Christopher Pincock) style — see style: in mathematics explanation (Paolo Mancosu, Francesca Poggiolesi, and Christopher Pincock) style — see style: in mathematics mathematical practice (Silvia De Toffoli and Paolo Mancosu) mathematics constructive (Douglas Bridges, Erik Palmgren, and Hajime Ishihara) inconsistent (Chris Mortensen) non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker) constructive (Douglas Bridges, Erik Palmgren, and Hajime Ishihara) inconsistent (Chris Mortensen) non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker) mathematics, foundations of Dedekind’s contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics Hilbert’s program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics Dedekind’s contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics Hilbert’s program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten) fictionalism (Mark Balaguer) formalism (Alan Weir) indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan) intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff) Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics naturalism (Alexander Paseau and Marianna Antonutti Marfori) nominalism (Otávio Bueno) Platonism (Øystein Linnebo) structuralism (Erich Reck and Georg Schiemer) Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics fictionalism (Mark Balaguer) formalism (Alan Weir) indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan) intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff) Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics naturalism (Alexander Paseau and Marianna Antonutti Marfori) nominalism (Otávio Bueno) Platonism (Øystein Linnebo) structuralism (Erich Reck and Georg Schiemer) Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel) Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia and Scott Taylor) meaning normativity of (Kathrin Glüer, Åsa Wikforss, and Marianna Ganapini) of words (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi) normativity of (Kathrin Glüer, Åsa Wikforss, and Marianna Ganapini) of words (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi) meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks) meaning holism (Henry Jackman) means, treating persons as — see treating persons as means measurement in science (Eran Tal) in science (Eran Tal) mechanism in science (Carl Craver, James Tabery, and Phyllis Illari) medicine, philosophy of (Julian Reiss and Rachel A. Ankeny) medicine: Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Chinese medicine medieval philosophy (John Marenbon) literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney) political — see political philosophy: medieval literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney) political — see political philosophy: medieval medieval theories of analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of categories — see categories: medieval theories of causation — see causation: medieval theories of conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of consequence — see consequence, medieval theories of demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of emotion — see emotion: medieval theories of future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy modality — see modality: medieval theories of obligationes — see obligationes , medieval theories of practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of relations — see relations: medieval theories of singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of transcendentals — see transcendentals, medieval theories of analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of categories — see categories: medieval theories of causation — see causation: medieval theories of conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of consequence — see consequence, medieval theories of demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of emotion — see emotion: medieval theories of future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy modality — see modality: medieval theories of obligationes — see obligationes , medieval theories of practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of relations — see relations: medieval theories of singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of transcendentals — see transcendentals, medieval theories of Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek) Meister Eckhart (Amber L. Griffioen) memory (Kourken Michaelian and John Sutton) epistemological problems of (Matthew Frise) epistemological problems of (Matthew Frise) Mencius (Bryan Van Norden) Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom) mental causation (David Robb, John Heil, and Sophie Gibb) mental content causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa) externalism about the mind — see externalism about the mind narrow (Curtis Brown) nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen) teleological theories of (Peter Schulte and Karen Neander) causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa) externalism about the mind — see externalism about the mind narrow (Curtis Brown) nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen) teleological theories of (Peter Schulte and Karen Neander) mental disorder (Jennifer Radden and Jonathan Y. Tsou) mental illness — see mental disorder mental imagery (Bence Nanay) mental representation (David Pitt) in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund) in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund) mereology (Achille Varzi) and location — see location and mereology medieval (Andrew Arlig) and location — see location and mereology medieval (Andrew Arlig) meritocracy (Thomas Mulligan) Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Ted Toadvine) Mersenne, Marin (Philippe Hamou) metaepistemology (J. Adam Carter and Ernest Sosa) metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord) metaethics, normativity in (David Copp and Justin Morton) metaphor (David Hills) metaphysical explanation (Andrew Brenner, Anna-Sofia Maurin, Alexander Skiles, Robin Stenwall, and Naomi Thompson) metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen, Meghan Sullivan, and Sara Bernstein) realism and anti-realism about (Mark Balaguer) realism and anti-realism about (Mark Balaguer) metaphysics in the 16th century Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco methodological holism in the social sciences (Julie Zahle) Mexican existentialism — see existentialism: Mexican Mexico philosophy in (Guillermo Hurtado and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr.) philosophy in (Guillermo Hurtado and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr.) microbiology, philosophy of (Maureen A. O’Malley and Emily C. Parke) Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller) Mill, James (Terence Ball and Antis Loizides) Mill, John Stuart (Christopher Macleod) moral and political philosophy (David Brink) moral and political philosophy (David Brink) mind computational theory of (Michael Rescorla) in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind) in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru) modularity of (Philip Robbins and Zoe Drayson) computational theory of (Michael Rescorla) in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind) in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru) modularity of (Philip Robbins and Zoe Drayson) mind/brain identity theory (J. J. C. Smart) miracles (Timothy McGrew and Robert Larmer) modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of modality Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics epistemology of (Antonella Mallozzi, Anand Vaidya, and Michael Wallner) impossible worlds — see impossible worlds Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions possible objects — see possible objects possible worlds — see possible worlds Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics varieties of (Boris Kment) Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics epistemology of (Antonella Mallozzi, Anand Vaidya, and Michael Wallner) impossible worlds — see impossible worlds Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions possible objects — see possible objects possible worlds — see possible worlds Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics varieties of (Boris Kment) modal logic — see logic: modal modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic philosophical aspects of multi-modal logic — see multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic philosophical aspects of multi-modal logic — see multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based (Dunja Šešelja) model organisms (Michael Dietrich and Nedah Nemati) models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann) model theory (Wilfrid Hodges) first-order (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon) first-order (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon) modesty and humility (Nicolas Bommarito) Mohism — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohism Mohist Canons — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohist Canons molecular biology (Tudor Baetu, Monika Piotrowska, and James Tabery) Molyneux’s problem (Brian Glenney, Gabriele Ferretti, and Marjolein Degenaar) money and finance, philosophy of (Boudewijn de Bruin, Lisa Herzog, Martin O’Neill, and Joakim Sandberg) monism (Jonathan Schaffer) anomalous — see anomalous monism neutral — see neutral monism Russellian (Torin Alter and Derk Pereboom) anomalous — see anomalous monism neutral — see neutral monism Russellian (Torin Alter and Derk Pereboom) monotheism (William Wainwright) Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia and Emiliano Ferrari) Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok) Montessori, Maria (Patrick Frierson) Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin) moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka) moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka) moral/conventional distinction (Edouard Machery and Stephen Stich) moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce) moral character — see character, moral moral cognition, psychology of — see normative cognition, psychology of moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral moral decision-making under uncertainty (Christian Tarsney, Teruji Thomas, and William MacAskill) moral demands and permissions/prerogatives (Thomas Hurka) moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell) moral disagreement (Folke Tersman) moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell) a priorism in (Michael DePaul and Amelia Hicks) a priorism in (Michael DePaul and Amelia Hicks) moral generalism — see moral particularism: and moral generalism moral intuitionism (Matthew S. Bedke) morality and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick) and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick) morality, definition of (Joshua Gert and Bernard Gert) moral luck — see luck: moral moral motivation (Connie S. Rosati) moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral moral non-naturalism (Michael Ridge) moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy) and moral generalism (Michael Ridge and Sean McKeever) and moral generalism (Michael Ridge and Sean McKeever) moral phenomenology — see phenomenology: moral moral psychology empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Jonathan Phillips, and Lachlan Walmsley) empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Jonathan Phillips, and Lachlan Walmsley) moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord) moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral moral relativism (Chris Gowans) moral responsibility (Matthew Talbert) empirical approaches (Chandra Sripada) the epistemic condition (Fernando Rudy-Hiller) principle of alternative possibilities (David Robb) empirical approaches (Chandra Sripada) the epistemic condition (Fernando Rudy-Hiller) principle of alternative possibilities (David Robb) moral sentimentalism (Antti Kauppinen) moral skepticism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) moral status of animals — see animals, moral status of of animals — see animals, moral status of moral status, grounds of (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum) moral theory (Julia Driver) More, Henry (John Henry) More, Thomas (Gerard B. Wegemer) motivation moral — see moral motivation moral — see moral motivation Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi) multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of (Sonja Smets and Fernando Velázquez-Quesada) multiculturalism (Sarah Song) multiple realizability (John Bickle) Murdoch, Iris (Lawrence Blum) music history of western philosophy of, antiquity to 1800 (Matteo Ravasio) history of western philosophy of, since 1800 (Matteo Ravasio) philosophy of (Andrew Kania) history of western philosophy of, antiquity to 1800 (Matteo Ravasio) history of western philosophy of, since 1800 (Matteo Ravasio) philosophy of (Andrew Kania) mysticism (Richard Jones and Jerome Gellman) myths, Plato’s — see Plato: myths N [jump to top] Nāgārjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff) names (Sam Cumming) nationalism (David Miller) Native Japan Studies (Kokugaku) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim) natural deduction systems in logic (Francis Jeffry Pelletier and Allen Hazen) naturalism (David Papineau) in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalism in in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter and Matthew X. Etchemendy) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism moral (Matthew Lutz) in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalism in in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter and Matthew X. Etchemendy) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism moral (Matthew Lutz) natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin) natural language ontology — see ontology, natural language natural law tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition natural philosophy in the Renaissance (Eva Del Soldato) in the Renaissance (Eva Del Soldato) natural selection (Peter Gildenhuys) units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd) units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd) nature of law (Emad Atiq, Andrei Marmor, and Alexander Sarch) interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos) legal positivism (Leslie Green and Thomas Adams) natural law theories (John Finnis) pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor) interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos) legal positivism (Leslie Green and Thomas Adams) natural law theories (John Finnis) pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor) Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan) necessary beings and God — see God: and other necessary beings and God — see God: and other necessary beings needs, in moral and political philosophy (Gillian Brock and David Miller) negation (Laurence R. Horn and Heinrich Wansing) Négritude (Souleymane Bachir Diagne) Neo-Daoism (Alan Chan) neo-Kantianism (Jeremy Heis) neoliberalism (Kevin Vallier) Neoplatonism (Christian Wildberg) Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat) neuroethics (Adina Roskies) neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth) neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg and Donovan Wishon) Newton, Isaac (George Smith) Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith) philosophy (Andrew Janiak) views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz) Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith) philosophy (Andrew Janiak) views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz) Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen) Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus Nietzsche, Friedrich (R. Lanier Anderson) aesthetics (Timothy Stoll) life and works (Robert Wicks) moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter) aesthetics (Timothy Stoll) life and works (Robert Wicks) moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter) Nishida Kitarō (John C. Maraldo) noema — see Husserl, Edmund nominalism in metaphysics (Sam Cowling and Daniel Giberman) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism in metaphysics (Sam Cowling and Daniel Giberman) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism non-naturalism, moral — see moral non-naturalism nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher) nonidentity problem (M. A. Roberts) normal form games logics for analyzing power in — see logic: for analyzing power in normal form games logics for analyzing power in — see logic: for analyzing power in normal form games normative cognition, psychology of (Daniel Kelly, Evan Westra, and Stephen Setman) normativity logic — see logic: normative status of meaning — see meaning: normativity of metaethics — see metaethics, normativity in logic — see logic: normative status of meaning — see meaning: normativity of metaethics — see metaethics, normativity in norms of cooperation — see social norms Norris, John (June Yang) nothingness (Roy Sorensen) Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal) Nozick, Robert political philosophy (Eric Mack) political philosophy (Eric Mack) Numenius (George Karamanolis) O [jump to top] Oakeshott, Michael (Terry Nardin) object (Bradley Rettler and Andrew M. Bailey) objectivity scientific — see scientific objectivity scientific — see scientific objectivity obligation legal — see legal obligation and authority legal — see legal obligation and authority obligationes , medieval theories of (Mikko Yrjönsuuri) obligations special (Diane Jeske) special (Diane Jeske) obligations to oneself (Daniel Muñoz) occasionalism (Sukjae Lee) Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade, Claude Panaccio, and Jenny Pelletier) Olivi, Peter John (Juhana Toivanen and Robert Pasnau) Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg) omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz) omnipresence (Edward Wierenga) omniscience (Edward Wierenga) ontological arguments (Graham Oppy, Joshua Rasmussen, and Joseph Schmid) ontological commitment (Phillip Bricker) ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological ontology and information systems (Adam Pease) social — see social ontology and information systems (Adam Pease) social — see social ontology ontology, natural language (Friederike Moltmann) ontology of art, history of (Paisley Livingston) operationalism (Hasok Chang) ordinary objects (Daniel Z. Korman and Jonathan Barker) Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner) Origen (Mark J. Edwards) original position (Samuel Freeman) Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes) other minds (Anita Avramides) ownership, property and — see property and ownership P [jump to top] pacifism (Andrew Fiala) pain (Murat Aydede) Paine, Thomas (Mark Philp) panentheism (John Culp) panpsychism (Philip Goff, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson) pantheism (William Mander) paradox Curry’s — see Curry’s paradox Fitch’s paradox of knowability — see Fitch’s paradox of knowability of the liar — see liar paradox Russell’s paradox — see Russell’s paradox Simpson’s paradox — see Simpson’s paradox Skolem’s (Timothy Bays) St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox of suspense — see suspense, paradox of Zeno’s paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno’s paradoxes and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini and Riccardo Bruni) epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes Curry’s — see Curry’s paradox Fitch’s paradox of knowability — see Fitch’s paradox of knowability of the liar — see liar paradox Russell’s paradox — see Russell’s paradox Simpson’s paradox — see Simpson’s paradox Skolem’s (Timothy Bays) St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox of suspense — see suspense, paradox of Zeno’s paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno’s paradoxes and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini and Riccardo Bruni) epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes paradox of tragedy (Jonathan Gilmore) parenthood and procreation (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum) Parmenides (John Palmer) part/whole — see mereology Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke) Pascal’s wager (Alan Hájek) paternalism (Gerald Dworkin) patriotism (Igor Primoratz) Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell) Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti) Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh) Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch) logic (Sun-Joo Shin) theory of signs (Albert Atkin) logic (Sun-Joo Shin) theory of signs (Albert Atkin) Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti) perception action-based theories — see action-based theories of perception auditory (Casey O’Callaghan) the contents of (Susanna Siegel) the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou) epistemological problems of (Jack Lyons) experience and justification (Nicholas Silins) the problem of (Tim Crane and Craig French) action-based theories — see action-based theories of perception auditory (Casey O’Callaghan) the contents of (Susanna Siegel) the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou) epistemological problems of (Jack Lyons) experience and justification (Nicholas Silins) the problem of (Tim Crane and Craig French) perceptual learning — see learning, perceptual Pereira, Gómez (José Manuel García Valverde) perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall) persistence — see temporal parts personal identity (Eric T. Olson) and ethics (Annette Dufner) and ethics (Annette Dufner) personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson) personal relationship goods (Anca Gheaus) personhood in classical Indian Philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): personhood in classical Indian Philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): personhood persons — see personal identity persons, treating as means — see treating persons as means Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt) Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze) phenomenal intentionality — see intentionality: phenomenal phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith) moral (John Drummond and Mark Timmons) of the Munich and Göttingen Circles (Alessandro Salice) moral (John Drummond and Mark Timmons) of the Munich and Göttingen Circles (Alessandro Salice) philanthropy (Theodore M. Lechterman, Emma Saunders-Hastings, and Rob Reich) Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey and Anthony Celano) Philodemus (David Blank) Philolaus (Carl Huffman) Philo of Alexandria (Carlos Lévy) Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio) Philoponus (Christian Wildberg and Tommaso De Robertis) philosophy of biology in Latin America (Pablo Lorenzano) in Latin America (Pablo Lorenzano) philosophy of science in Latin America (Olimpia Lombardi, Alberto Cordero, and Ana Rosa Pérez Ransanz) in Latin America (Olimpia Lombardi, Alberto Cordero, and Ana Rosa Pérez Ransanz) Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School phylogenetic inference (Matt Haber and Joel Velasco) physicalism (Daniel Stoljar) physics experiment in (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic) holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey and Henrique Gomes) intertheory relations in (Patricia Palacios) quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt) symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading, Elena Castellani, and Nicholas Teh) experiment in (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic) holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey and Henrique Gomes) intertheory relations in (Patricia Palacios) quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt) symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading, Elena Castellani, and Nicholas Teh) physis and nomos — see Sophists, The Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver) Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni Francesco [Gianfrancesco] (Francesco Molinarolo) Plato (Richard Kraut) aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas) Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney) Cratylus (David Meißner) ethics (Dorothea Frede and Mi-Kyoung Lee) ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown) friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve) Laws (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows) method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary-Louise Gill) middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman) myths (Catalin Partenie) on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Francesco Verde) Parmenides (Samuel Rickless) rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold) shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff) Timaeus (Donald Zeyl and Barbara Sattler) aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas) Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney) Cratylus (David Meißner) ethics (Dorothea Frede and Mi-Kyoung Lee) ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown) friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve) Laws (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows) method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary-Louise Gill) middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman) myths (Catalin Partenie) on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Francesco Verde) Parmenides (Samuel Rickless) rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold) shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff) Timaeus (Donald Zeyl and Barbara Sattler) Platonism in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism pleasure (Leonard D. Katz) Plotinus (Paul Kalligas) pluralism religious — see religious diversity religious — see religious diversity plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo) Plutarch (George Karamanolis) Poincaré, Henri (Gerhard Heinzmann and David Stump) Polgar, Isaac — see Polqar, Isaac political obligation (Richard Dagger and David Lefkowitz) political philosophy ancient (Melissa Lane) medieval (Cary Nederman and Alessandro Mulieri) ancient (Melissa Lane) medieval (Cary Nederman and Alessandro Mulieri) political realism in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz) in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz) political theory and religion — see religion: and political theory Polqar, Isaac (Racheli Haliva) Pomponazzi, Pietro (Craig Martin) Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton) population genetics — see genetics: population pornography and censorship (Caroline West) and censorship (Caroline West) Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson) Porta, Giambattista della (Sergius Kodera) Port Royal Logic (Alan Nelson and Jill Buroker) possibilism-actualism debate (Christopher Menzel) possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa) possible worlds (Christopher Menzel) postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth) Poulain de la Barre, François (Martina Reuter) poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language practical reason (R. Jay Wallace and Benjamin Kiesewetter) medieval theories of (Anthony Celano) and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram and Margaret Bowman) medieval theories of (Anthony Celano) and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram and Margaret Bowman) pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan and Elizabeth Jackson) pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry) defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics pragmatism (Catherine Legg and Christopher Hookway) prayer petitionary (Scott A. Davison) petitionary (Scott A. Davison) predicate calculus — see logic: classical prediction versus accommodation (Eric Christian Barnes) predictivism — see prediction versus accommodation preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff) logic — see logic: preference logic — see logic: preference pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Quill R Kukla, Teresa Baron, and Katherine Wayne) prenatal testing and screening — see eugenics presentism (David Ingram and Jonathan Tallant) Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd) presupposition (David I. Beaver, Bart Geurts, and Kristie Denlinger) Price, Henry Habberley (Arthur Schipper and Paul Snowdon) Price, Richard (David McNaughton) Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy) primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy (Martha Bolton) Principia Mathematica (Bernard Linsky and Andrew David Irvine) notation in (Bernard Linsky) notation in (Bernard Linsky) principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Y. Melamed and Martin Lin) Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland) prioritarianism as a theory of value (Matthew Adler and Nils Holtug) prisoner’s dilemma (Steven Kuhn) privacy (Beate Roessler and Judith DeCew) and information technology — see information technology: and privacy and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine and information technology — see information technology: and privacy and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley) probabilities, imprecise (Seamus Bradley) probabilities, indeterminate — see probabilities, imprecise probability, in medieval and Renaissance philosophy (Rudolf Schuessler) probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek) probability and logic — see logic: and probability procedural fairness — see rule of law and procedural fairness process philosophy (Johanna Seibt) process theism (Donald Viney) Proclus (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel) procreation — see parenthood and procreation Prodicus — see Sophists, The progress (Agnes Tam and Margaret Meek Lange) promises (Allen Habib) proof theory (Michael Rathjen and Wilfried Sieg) development of (Jan von Plato) development of (Jan von Plato) properties (Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti) emergent — see emergent properties essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties natural (Cian Dorr) emergent — see emergent properties essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties natural (Cian Dorr) property intellectual (Adam Moore and Ken Himma) intellectual (Adam Moore and Ken Himma) property and ownership (Jeremy Waldron and James Penner) prophecy (Scott A. Davison) propositional attitude reports (Michael Nelson) propositional function (Edwin Mares) propositional logic — see logic: propositional propositions (Matthew McGrath and Devin Frank) singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson) structured (Jeffrey C. King) singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson) structured (Jeffrey C. King) Protagoras (Mauro Bonazzi) providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann and Daniel M. Johnson) Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington) pseudo-science, science and — see science: and pseudo-science psyche — see soul, ancient theories of psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy) psychologism (Martin Kusch) psychology evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes) evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes) psychotherapy, philosophy of (Megan Delehanty and Anya Plutynski) public goods (Julian Reiss) public health ethics (Ruth Faden, Justin Bernstein, and Sirine Shebaya) ethics (Ruth Faden, Justin Bernstein, and Sirine Shebaya) publicity (Axel Gosseries and Tom Parr) public reason (Jonathan Quong) Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von (Michael Seidler) punishment, legal (Zachary Hoskins and Antony Duff) Pyrrho (Richard Bett) Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient Pythagoras (Carl Huffman) Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman) Q [jump to top] Qing philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Qing philosophy qualia (Michael Tye) inverted (Alex Byrne) knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin and Donnchadh O Conaill) inverted (Alex Byrne) knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin and Donnchadh O Conaill) quantifiers and quantification (Gabriel Uzquiano) quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael) action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz) Bell’s Theorem — see Bell’s Theorem Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein) collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi and Angelo Bassi) consistent histories approach (Robert B. Griffiths) Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye) Everettian (Jeffrey Barrett) Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held) many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman) modal interpretations of (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks) relational (Carlo Rovelli) retrocausality (Simon Friederich and Peter W. Evans) the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi) action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz) Bell’s Theorem — see Bell’s Theorem Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein) collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi and Angelo Bassi) consistent histories approach (Robert B. Griffiths) Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye) Everettian (Jeffrey Barrett) Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held) many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman) modal interpretations of (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks) relational (Carlo Rovelli) retrocausality (Simon Friederich and Peter W. 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Badhwar and Roderick T. Long) randomness versus chance — see chance: versus randomness versus chance — see chance: versus randomness rational choice, normative expected utility (R. A. Briggs) rivals to expected utility (Lara Buchak) expected utility (R. A. Briggs) rivals to expected utility (Lara Buchak) rationalism, early modern (Peter West, Kevin Lower, Natalia Strok, Pedro Pricladnitzky, Fabio Malfara, Manuel Fasko, and Christopher P. Noble) rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie and M. Folescu) rationality Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian bounded — see bounded rationality epistemic foundations of game theory — see game theory: epistemic foundations of historicist theories of (Thomas Nickles) instrumental (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero) structural (Benjamin Kiesewetter and Alex Worsnip) Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian bounded — see bounded rationality epistemic foundations of game theory — see game theory: epistemic foundations of historicist theories of (Thomas Nickles) instrumental (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero) structural (Benjamin Kiesewetter and Alex Worsnip) Rawls, John (Leif Wenar) realism (Alexander Miller) challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos) moral — see moral realism political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations scientific — see scientific realism structural — see structural realism and theory change in science (Stathis Psillos) challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos) moral — see moral realism political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations scientific — see scientific realism structural — see structural realism and theory change in science (Stathis Psillos) reason and religious commitment — see religious commitment and reason reasoning automated (Frederic Portoraro) by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning defeasible (Robert Koons) moral (Henry S. Richardson) automated (Frederic Portoraro) by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning defeasible (Robert Koons) moral (Henry S. Richardson) reasons for action agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge) internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder) justification, motivation, explanation (Maria Alvarez and Jonathan Way) agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge) internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder) justification, motivation, explanation (Maria Alvarez and Jonathan Way) recognition (Mattias Iser) reconciliation (Linda Radzik and Colleen Murphy) recursive functions (Walter Dean and Alberto Naibo) redistribution (Christian Barry) reduction, scientific (Raphael van Riel and Robert Van Gulick) in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love) in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love) in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in reference (Eliot Michaelson) reflective equilibrium (Carl Knight) Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke and Erik-Jan Bos) Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Frederick C. Beiser) Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt) common cause principle (Christopher Hitchcock and Miklós Rédei) common cause principle (Christopher Hitchcock and Miklós Rédei) Reid, Thomas (Ryan Nichols and Gideon Yaffe) ethics (Terence Cuneo) on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver) ethics (Terence Cuneo) on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver) Reinach, Adolf (Alessandro Salice, James DuBois, and Barry Smith) Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale and John Walsh) reism (Jan Woleński) relations (Fraser MacBride) medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower) medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower) relativism (Maria Baghramian and J. 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Dillon) responsibility collective (Marion Smiley) collective (Marion Smiley) retributive justice — see justice: retributive revelation, divine (Mats Wahlberg) reverse mathematics (Benedict Eastaugh) revolution (Allen Buchanan and Alexander Motchoulski) Richard the Sophister [ Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum ] (Paul Streveler) Rickert, Heinrich (Andrea Staiti and Luca Oliva) Ricoeur, Paul (David Pellauer, Bernard Dauenhauer, and Scott Davidson) rights (Leif Wenar and Rowan Cruft) of children (David William Archard) civil — see civil rights group (Peter Jones) human (James Nickel and Adam Etinson) legal — see legal rights territorial — see territorial rights and justice of children (David William Archard) civil — see civil rights group (Peter Jones) human (James Nickel and Adam Etinson) legal — see legal rights territorial — see territorial rights and justice rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte) risk (Sven Ove Hansson) robotics ethics of — see artificial intelligence: ethics of ethics of — see artificial intelligence: ethics of role obligations — see obligations: special Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg and Susan Dieleman) Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo) Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock) Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary) Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton) Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram) Routley [Sylvan], Richard — see Sylvan, Richard Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker and Scott Pratt) Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister rule-following and intentionality (Alexander Miller and Olivia Sultanescu) rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule rule of law and procedural fairness (Kristen Rundle and Jeremy Waldron) Russell, Bertrand (Andrew David Irvine) logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell’s moral philosophy (Charles Pigden) logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell’s moral philosophy (Charles Pigden) Russell’s paradox (Harry Deutsch, Oliver Marshall, and Andrew David Irvine) Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney) S [jump to top] Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin) Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal and James Apple) Śāntideva (Charles Goodman) Sakya Paṇḍita [sa skya paṇ ḍi ta] (Jonathan C. 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Titelbaum) self-reference (Thomas Bolander) self-respect — see respect Sellars, Wilfrid (Willem deVries and Carl Sachs) semantic holism — see meaning holism semantics defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics dynamic (Rick Nouwen, Adrian Brasoveanu, Jan van Eijck, and Albert Visser) Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen and Thomas Ede Zimmermann) proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister) of sign language — see sign language semantics two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter) defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics dynamic (Rick Nouwen, Adrian Brasoveanu, Jan van Eijck, and Albert Visser) Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen and Thomas Ede Zimmermann) proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister) of sign language — see sign language semantics two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter) semiotics medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser) medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser) Seneca (Katja Vogt) sense data (Gary Hatfield) sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value sentimentalism, moral — see moral sentimentalism set theory (Joan Bagaria) alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes) constructive and intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla) continuum hypothesis (Peter Koellner) early development (José Ferreirós) independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner) large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner) non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss and Maricarmen Martinez) Zermelo’s axiomatization of (Michael Hallett) alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes) constructive and intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla) continuum hypothesis (Peter Koellner) early development (José Ferreirós) independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner) large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner) non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss and Maricarmen Martinez) Zermelo’s axiomatization of (Michael Hallett) sex and sexuality (Raja Halwani) Sextus Empiricus (Benjamin Morison) Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti) Shepherd, Mary (Martha Bolton) Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz) sign language semantics (Philippe Schlenker, Jonathan Lamberton, and Jeremy Kuhn) Sikh philosophy (Arvind-Pal S. Mandair) Simon of Faversham (Ana María Mora-Márquez) simplicity (Alan Baker) divine (William F. Vallicella) divine (William F. Vallicella) Simplicius (Christoph Helmig) Simpson’s paradox (Jan Sprenger and Naftali Weinberger) simulations in science (Eric Winsberg and Ramon Alvarado) sin, in Christian thought (Kevin Timpe) singular terms medieval theories of (Julie Brumberg-Chaumont and E. Jennifer Ashworth) medieval theories of (Julie Brumberg-Chaumont and E. Jennifer Ashworth) situations in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer) in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer) skeptical theism (Timothy Perrine) skepticism (Juan Comesaña and Peter Klein) about moral responsibility (Gregg Caruso) ancient (Katja Vogt) and content externalism (Gary Ebbs) in Latin America (Plínio Junqueira Smith and Otávio Bueno) medieval (Charles Bolyard) moral — see moral skepticism about moral responsibility (Gregg Caruso) ancient (Katja Vogt) and content externalism (Gary Ebbs) in Latin America (Plínio Junqueira Smith and Otávio Bueno) medieval (Charles Bolyard) moral — see moral skepticism Skolem’s paradox — see paradox: Skolem’s Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century moral and political philosophy (Samuel Fleischacker) moral and political philosophy (Samuel Fleischacker) social choice theory (Christian List) social cognition animal — see animal: social cognition animal — see animal: social cognition social construction naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon) naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon) social contract — see contractarianism contemporary approaches to (Fred D’Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher) contemporary approaches to (Fred D’Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher) social epistemology — see epistemology: social social institutions (Seumas Miller) socialism (Pablo Gilabert and Martin O’Neill) social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White) social networking and ethics (Shannon Vallor) social norms (Cristina Bicchieri, Ryan Muldoon, and Alessandro Sontuoso) social ontology (Brian Epstein) social procedures, formal approaches (Jan van Eijck and Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) sociobiology (Catherine Driscoll) Socrates (Debra Nails and S. Sara Monoson) solidarity in social and political philosophy (Andrea Sangiovanni and Juri Viehoff) Sophie de Grouchy (Sandrine Berges) sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt) Sophists, The (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee) Sorites paradox (Diana Raffman and Dominic Hyde) sortals (Max A. Freund and Richard E. Grandy) soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz) sounds (Roberto Casati, Jerome Dokic, and Elvira Di Bona) sovereignty (Daniel Philpott) space and time absolute and relational space and motion, classical theories (Carl Hoefer, Nick Huggett, and James Read) absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories (Nick Huggett, Carl Hoefer, and James Read) being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt) conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis) the hole argument (John D. Norton, Oliver Pooley, and James Read) inertial frames (Robert DiSalle) singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel, Manus Visser, and Juliusz Doboszewski) supertasks (JB Manchak and Bryan W. Roberts) absolute and relational space and motion, classical theories (Carl Hoefer, Nick Huggett, and James Read) absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories (Nick Huggett, Carl Hoefer, and James Read) being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt) conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis) the hole argument (John D. Norton, Oliver Pooley, and James Read) inertial frames (Robert DiSalle) singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel, Manus Visser, and Juliusz Doboszewski) supertasks (JB Manchak and Bryan W. Roberts) species (Marc Ereshefsky) speech inner — see inner speech inner — see inner speech speech acts (Mitchell Green) Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein) Speusippus (Russell Dancy and Giulia De Cesaris) Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler) epistemology and philosophy of mind (Karolina Hübner) modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands) physical theory (Richard Manning) political philosophy (Justin Steinberg) psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe) theory of attributes (Noa Shein) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of epistemology and philosophy of mind (Karolina Hübner) modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands) physical theory (Richard Manning) political philosophy (Justin Steinberg) psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe) theory of attributes (Noa Shein) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of sport, philosophy of (John William Devine and Francisco Javier Lopez Frias) square of opposition (Terence Parsons and Graziana Ciola) Śrīgupta (Allison Aitken) Śrīharṣa (Nilanjan Das) St. Petersburg paradox (Martin Peterson) states of affairs (Mark Textor) statistical physics Boltzmann’s work in (Jos Uffink) philosophy of statistical mechanics (Roman Frigg and Charlotte Werndl) Boltzmann’s work in (Jos Uffink) philosophy of statistical mechanics (Roman Frigg and Charlotte Werndl) statistics, philosophy of (Jan-Willem Romeijn) Stebbing, Susan (Michael Beaney and Siobhan Chapman) Stein, Edith (Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran) stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Daniel Boisvert and Teemu Toppinen) Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Stirner, Max (David Leopold) Stoicism (Marion Durand, Simon Shogry, and Dirk Baltzly) Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky) Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes) structuralism in mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: structuralism in physics — see physics: structuralism in in mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: structuralism in physics — see physics: structuralism in structural realism (James Ladyman) Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette) Sturm, Johann (Andrea Sangiacomo and Christian Henkel) style in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu) in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu) Suárez, Francisco (Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz) substance (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir) substructural logics — see logic: substructural Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte) suicide (Michael Cholbi and Brent Kious) supererogation (David Heyd) supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett) in ethics (Tristram McPherson) in ethics (Tristram McPherson) surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives Susman, Margarete (Willi Goetschel) suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts) syllogism medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund) medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund) Sylvan [Routley], Richard (Dominic Hyde, Filippo Casati, and Zach Weber) symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction Syrianus (Roberto Granieri and Christian Wildberg) systems and synthetic biology, philosophy of (Sara Green) T [jump to top] Taoism — see Daoism Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente) truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges) truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges) Taurellus, Nicolaus (Andreas Blank) techne — see episteme and techne technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Ibo van de Poel, Michael Klenk, and Filippo Santoni de Sio) teleology teleological arguments for God’s existence (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski) teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen and Jacob Neal) teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of teleological arguments for God’s existence (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski) teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen and Jacob Neal) teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke) temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal temporal parts (Katherine Hawley) tense and aspect (Friedrich Hamm and Oliver Bott) terms, properties of medieval theories of (Stephen Read) medieval theories of (Stephen Read) territorial rights and justice (Margaret Moore) terrorism (Igor Primoratz) testimony epistemological problems of (Nick Leonard) epistemological problems of (Nick Leonard) testimony, aesthetic — see aesthetic testimony theater, philosophy of (James R. Hamilton) theism atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism monotheism — see monotheism panentheism — see panentheism pantheism — see pantheism process — see process theism skeptical — see skeptical theism atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism monotheism — see monotheism panentheism — see panentheism pantheism — see pantheism process — see process theism skeptical — see skeptical theism theodicies (Laura W. Ekstrom) theology, natural and natural religion (Andrew Chignell and Derk Pereboom) Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson) Theophrastus (Katerina Ierodiakonou) theoretical terms in science (Holger Andreas) thick ethical concepts (Pekka Väyrynen) Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko) Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak) thought, associationist theories of — see associationist theories of thought thought experiments (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige) Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson) Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language (Pascale Hugon) time (Nina Emery, Ned Markosian, and Meghan Sullivan) being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics branching — see branching time thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender) being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics branching — see branching time thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender) time machines (John Earman, Christian Wüthrich, and JB Manchak) time travel (Nicholas J.J. Smith) and modern physics (Christopher Smeenk, Frank Arntzenius, and Tim Maudlin) and modern physics (Christopher Smeenk, Frank Arntzenius, and Tim Maudlin) Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett) toleration (Rainer Forst) torts, theories of the common law of (Arthur Ripstein) torture (Seumas Miller) touch (Matthew Fulkerson) tragedy, paradox of — see paradox of tragedy transcendental arguments (Robert Stern and Tony Cheng) Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments transcendentalism (Russell Goodman) transcendentals, medieval theories of (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen) transformative experience (Rebecca Chan) trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on trans issues transmission of justification and warrant (Luca Moretti and Tommaso Piazza) trans philosophy (Perry Zurn) transworld identity — see identity: transworld treating persons as means (Samuel Kerstein) trinity (Dale Tuggy) tropes (Anna-Sofia Maurin) trust (Carolyn McLeod) truth (Michael Glanzberg) axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach, Graham E. Leigh, and Mateusz Łełyk) coherence theory of (James O. Young) correspondence theory of (Marian David) deflationism about (Bradley Armour-Garb, Daniel Stoljar, and James Woodbridge) identity theory of (Richard Gaskin) pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright) pragmatic theory of (John Capps) primitivist theories of (Jeremy Wyatt) revision theory of (Philip Kremer and Edoardo Rivello) Tarski’s theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach, Graham E. Leigh, and Mateusz Łełyk) coherence theory of (James O. Young) correspondence theory of (Marian David) deflationism about (Bradley Armour-Garb, Daniel Stoljar, and James Woodbridge) identity theory of (Richard Gaskin) pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright) pragmatic theory of (John Capps) primitivist theories of (Jeremy Wyatt) revision theory of (Philip Kremer and Edoardo Rivello) Tarski’s theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions truthlikeness (Graham Oddie and Gustavo Cevolani) truthmakers (Fraser MacBride and Christopher Daly) truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing) Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham and Chandra Chiara Ehm) Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges) Turing machines (Liesbeth De Mol) Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe) Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti) two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe) two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe) types and tokens (David Liebesman) type theory (Thierry Coquand) Church’s type theory (Christoph Benzmüller and Peter Andrews) constructive — see type theory: intuitionistic intuitionistic (Peter Dybjer and Erik Palmgren) Church’s type theory (Christoph Benzmüller and Peter Andrews) constructive — see type theory: intuitionistic intuitionistic (Peter Dybjer and Erik Palmgren) U [jump to top] ultimates and God — see God: and other ultimates and God — see God: and other ultimates Umar Khayyam (Seyed N. Mousavian, Suzanne Sumner, Mehdi Aminrazavi, and Glen Van Brummelen) Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink) underdetermination, of scientific theories (Kyle Stanford) understanding (Stephen Grimm) units and levels of natural selection — see natural selection: units and levels of unity of science — see science: unity of universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum universals — see properties the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima) the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima) utilitarianism — see consequentialism history of (Julia Driver) rule — see consequentialism: rule history of (Julia Driver) rule — see consequentialism: rule V [jump to top] vagueness (Roy Sorensen) vagueness of composition — see many, problem of Vaihinger, Hans (Timothy Stoll) validity — see logical truth Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta) value incommensurable (Henrik Andersson and Nien-hê Hsieh) intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman and Ben Bradley) of knowledge — see knowledge, value of pluralism (Elinor Mason) incommensurable (Henrik Andersson and Nien-hê Hsieh) intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman and Ben Bradley) of knowledge — see knowledge, value of pluralism (Elinor Mason) value theory (Mark Schroeder) Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold) vegetarianism, ethics of (Tyler Doggett) veil of ignorance — see original position verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs verisimilitude — see truthlikeness Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe) Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel) virtue ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue visual thinking in mathematics epistemology of (Marcus Giaquinto) epistemology of (Marcus Giaquinto) Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini) volition — see free will Voltaire (J.B. Shank) voluntarism, doxastic — see doxastic voluntarism voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy) voting (Jason Brennan) methods (Eric Pacuit) methods (Eric Pacuit) W [jump to top] Wang Yangming (Bryan Van Norden) war (Seth Lazar) Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile) warrant, transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant Watsuji Tetsurō (Robert Carter and Erin McCarthy) weakness of will (Sarah Stroud and Larisa Svirsky) Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim) weighing reasons (Chris Tucker) Weil, Simone (A. Rebecca Rozelle-Stone and Benjamin P. Davis) welfare economics — see economics and economic justice intergenerational, and Ramsey — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics intergenerational, and Ramsey — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics well-being (Roger Crisp) and disability — see disability: and well-being and disability — see disability: and well-being Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté) Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder) Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists Whitehead, Alfred North (Ronald Desmet and Andrew David Irvine) William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis and Katrin Fischer) William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy) William of Ockham — see Ockham, William William of Sherwood (Sara L. Uckelman) Williams, Bernard (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Nicholas Smyth) Williams, Donald Cary (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring) Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion) Windelband, Wilhelm (Katherina Kinzel) wisdom in contemporary analytic philosophy (Shane Ryan and Sharon Ryan) in contemporary analytic philosophy (Shane Ryan and Sharon Ryan) Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar) aesthetics (Garry Hagberg) logical atomism (Ian Proops) philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych) aesthetics (Garry Hagberg) logical atomism (Ian Proops) philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych) Wodeham, Adam de (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt) Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche and Corey Dyck) Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli) word meaning — see meaning: of words work and labor (Michael Cholbi) world government (Catherine Lu) worlds impossible — see impossible worlds possible — see possible worlds impossible — see impossible worlds possible — see possible worlds Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot) Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim) Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti) X [jump to top] Xenocrates (Giulia De Cesaris and Russell Dancy) Xenophanes (James Lesher) Xunzi (Paul R. Goldin) Y [jump to top] Yogācāra (Szilvia Szanyi) Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul (Ingo Farin) Z [jump to top] Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli and Tawrin Baker) Zeno of Elea (John Palmer) Zeno’s paradoxes (Nick Huggett) Zeno’s paradoxes (Nick Huggett) Zermelo, Ernst axiomatization of set theory — see set theory: Zermelo’s axiomatization of axiomatization of set theory — see set theory: Zermelo’s axiomatization of Zhuangzi (Chad Hansen) Zhu Xi (Kirill Thompson) zombies (Robert Kirk) Projected Table of Contents Table of Contents Editorial Information Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries View this site from another server: Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054