Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives Table of Contents About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Editorial Information Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Updates for the Last Three Months Listed in Reverse Chronological Order [To read our RSS feed, load the following URL into your RSS Reader: https://plato.stanford.edu/rss/sep.xml] [Note: All dates are given in UTC] Margarete Susman (Willi Goetschel) [REVISED: August 21, 2026 ] Changes to: Bibliography Essential vs. Accidental Properties (Philip Atkins, Fabrice Correia, and Teresa Robertson Ishii) [REVISED: August 21, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Samuel Freiherr von Pufendorf (Michael Seidler) [REVISED: August 21, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, First Publication First published: July 29, 2026 José Ortega y Gasset (Oliver Holmes) [REVISED: August 19, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Philosophy of International Law (John Tasioulas and Guglielmo Verdirame) [REVISED: August 18, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Plural Quantification (Øystein Linnebo) [REVISED: August 18, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Respect (Robin S. Dillon) [REVISED: August 17, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Sense Data (Gary Hatfield) [REVISED: August 13, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede and Marije Martijn) [REVISED: August 13, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Republicanism (Frank Lovett) [REVISED: August 12, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Epistemic Contextualism (Patrick Rysiew) [REVISED: August 12, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html George Berkeley (Lisa Downing and David Hilbert) [REVISED: August 12, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, activism.html, meaning.html, notes.html John Norris (June Yang) [REVISED: August 11, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Aristotle’s Ethics (Richard Kraut) [REVISED: August 11, 2026 ] Changes to: Bibliography Jane Addams (Maurice Hamington) [REVISED: August 11, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Anaxagoras (John Sisko and Patricia Curd) [REVISED: August 9, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Michel de Montaigne (Marc Foglia and Emiliano Ferrari) [REVISED: August 8, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Scientific Method (Brian Hepburn and Hanne Andersen) [REVISED: August 8, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Wesley Salmon (Maria Carla Galavotti) [REVISED: August 6, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Capitalism (Chiara Cordelli) [NEW: August 5, 2026 ] Gottlob Frege (Edward N. Zalta) [REVISED: August 1, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Peter Abelard (Peter King and Andrew Arlig) [REVISED: July 31, 2026 ] Changes to: Bibliography Karl Popper (Stephen Thornton) [REVISED: July 31, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Moral Realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord) [REVISED: July 31, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Judah Halevi (Ehud Krinis) [NEW: July 30, 2026 ] Logic of Belief Revision (Sven Ove Hansson) [REVISED: July 29, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Political Realism in International Relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz) [REVISED: July 29, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Death (Steven Luper) [REVISED: July 28, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, mortality.html The Disjunctive Theory of Perception (Matthew Soteriou) [REVISED: July 28, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Recognition (Mattias Iser) [REVISED: July 27, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Intuitionism in Ethics (Matthew S. Bedke) [NEW: July 27, 2026 ] Liar Paradox (Jc Beall, Michael Glanzberg, Ellie Ripley, and Lorenzo Rossi) [REVISED: July 26, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Model Organisms (Michael Dietrich and Nedah Nemati) [NEW: July 24, 2026 ] Susan Stebbing (Michael Beaney and Siobhan Chapman) [REVISED: July 24, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Innateness and Contemporary Theories of Cognition (Mark Cain) [NEW: July 22, 2026 ] Origen (Mark J. Edwards) [REVISED: July 21, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Aesthetics and Cognitive Science (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie) [REVISED: July 17, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Boundary (Achille Varzi) [REVISED: July 17, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets (Lori Watson) [NEW: July 17, 2026 ] Intergenerational Justice (Lukas Meyer) [REVISED: July 17, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Bolzano’s Logic (Paul Rusnock and Jan Šebestik) [REVISED: July 15, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Scottish Philosophy in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie and Craig Smith) [REVISED: July 14, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Jean-Paul Sartre (Jack Reynolds and Pierre-Jean Renaudie) [REVISED: July 10, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Philosophy of Technology (Maarten Franssen, Ibo van de Poel, Michael Klenk, and Filippo Santoni de Sio) [REVISED: July 10, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography The Definition of Death (Adam Omelianchuk and David DeGrazia) [REVISED: July 10, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html

The Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis) [REVISED: July 3, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Rudolf Carnap (Hannes Leitgeb and André Carus) [REVISED: July 2, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, aufbau.html, carnap-quine.html, inductive-logic.html, methodology.html, reconstruct-sci-theories.html, semantics.html, syntax.html, tolerance-metaphysics.html Optimality-Theoretic and Game-Theoretic Approaches to Implicature (Robert van Rooij and Michael Franke) [REVISED: July 2, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Philosophy of Psychotherapy (Megan Delehanty and Anya Plutynski) [NEW: July 2, 2026 ] Wisdom in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy (Shane Ryan and Sharon Ryan) [NEW: July 2, 2026 ] Supervenience in Ethics (Tristram McPherson) [REVISED: July 2, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography 18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant (Corey Dyck and Brigitte Sassen) [REVISED: July 1, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Cosmological Argument (Bruce Reichenbach) [REVISED: July 1, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, argument-strong.html, complexity.html, notes.html Defaults in Semantics and Pragmatics (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt) [REVISED: June 30, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Innateness and Language (Gabe Dupre) [NEW: June 29, 2026 ] Positive and Negative Liberty (Ian Carter and Ilkin Huseynli) [REVISED: June 28, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html Moral Relativism (Chris Gowans) [REVISED: June 28, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Mereology (Achille Varzi) [REVISED: June 27, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html The Meaning of Life (Thaddeus Metz) [REVISED: June 26, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Friedrich Nietzsche (R. Lanier Anderson) [REVISED: June 25, 2026 ] Changes to: Main text, Bibliography Curry’s Paradox (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall) [REVISED: June 20, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography, notes.html, supplement.html) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. William Penbygull (Alessandro Conti) [REVISED: June 19, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Imre Lakatos (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden) [REVISED: June 19, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. International Distributive Justice (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith) [REVISED: June 19, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. The Donation and Sale of Human Eggs and Sperm (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams) [REVISED: June 19, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. William Heytesbury (Miroslav Hanke and Elzbieta Jung) [REVISED: June 19, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography, notes.html) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Paul Grice (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner) [REVISED: June 19, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Logical Truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente) [REVISED: June 18, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography, notes.html) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. The Rule of Law (Kristen Rundle and Jeremy Waldron) [REVISED: June 17, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Classical Logic (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel) [REVISED: June 17, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Beauty (Crispin Sartwell) [REVISED: June 17, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Lev Vaidman) [REVISED: June 17, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. David Hume (Hsueh Qu and Elizabeth S. Radcliffe) [NEW: June 16, 2026 ] Theories of the Common Law of Torts (Arthur Ripstein) [REVISED: June 15, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time (Craig Callender) [REVISED: June 12, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Roman Ingarden (Amie Thomasson) [REVISED: June 11, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Ibn Sina’s Metaphysics (Olga Lizzini) [REVISED: June 9, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Practical Reason and the Structure of Actions (Elijah Millgram and Margaret Bowman) [REVISED: June 8, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Gómez Pereira (José Manuel García Valverde) [REVISED: June 8, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Kant’s Social and Political Philosophy (Frederick Rauscher) [REVISED: June 8, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Simpson’s Paradox (Jan Sprenger and Naftali Weinberger) [REVISED: June 6, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Deflationism About Truth (Bradley Armour-Garb, Daniel Stoljar, and James Woodbridge) [REVISED: June 5, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Political Representation (Suzanne Dovi and Wendy Salkin) [REVISED: June 5, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography, three-parts.svg) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Robert Nozick’s Political Philosophy (Eric Mack) [REVISED: June 3, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography, notes.html) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Formal Learning Theory (Oliver Schulte) [REVISED: June 3, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Omnipresence (Edward Wierenga) [REVISED: June 1, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. The Analytic/Synthetic Distinction (Georges Rey) [REVISED: June 1, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography, analyticity-chomsky.html, notes.html) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Nāgārjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff) [REVISED: May 31, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Disability and Justice (Jessica Begon, Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch) [REVISED: May 29, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography, notes.html) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Heinrich Rickert (Andrea Staiti and Luca Oliva) [REVISED: May 29, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Evolution (Roberta L. Millstein) [REVISED: May 27, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. Questions (Charles Cross and Floris Roelofsen) [REVISED: May 26, 2026 ] Changes are prior to June 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Summer 2026 Edition. 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